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<p class=MsoNormal>G’day All,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>A couple of people have asked for the attachment to an
article I reposted for Dhanesh Kumar [daquab4u@gmail.com]. I left it off
thinking it had exceeded the Listserver size limit but will try again.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Happy Digesting,<o:p></o:p></p>
<div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='border:none;padding:0cm'>HOOROO<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<h1><span style='font-size:15.0pt;color:#000099'>Turning Trash Into Power</span><span
style='font-size:15.0pt'><br>
Biological Engineers Generate Natural Gas with Bacteria<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt' id=firstparagraph><i><span
style='font-size:13.5pt;color:#666666'>October 1, 2006</span></i><span
style='font-size:13.5pt'> — A new kind of waste digester uses two
different strains of bacteria in different tanks. This would normally take
place in the same environment, but microbiologists have now separated it into
two stages that increases natural-gas production. The technology increases
efficiency and can turn three tons of food scraps into enough energy to power
25 homes for a day. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>See
also:</span></em> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/"><strong><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:blue'>Plants & Animals</span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/extreme_survival/">Extreme
Survival</a><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/bacteria/">Bacteria</a><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/"><strong><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:blue'>Earth & Climate</span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/energy/">Energy and
the Environment</a><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/renewable_energy/">Renewable
Energy</a><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/"><strong><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:blue'>Matter & Energy</span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/electricity/">Electricity</a><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/organic_chemistry/">Organic
Chemistry</a><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/"><strong><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:blue'>Reference</span></strong></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<ul type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/b/biodegradation.htm">Biodegradation</a><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/w/waste_management.htm">Waste
management</a><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/b/biomass.htm">Biomass</a><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4'><a
href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/sewage_treatment.htm">Sewage
treatment</a><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<p>DAVIS, Calif. -- There's a new twist on the old adage, one man's trash is
another man's treasure. Now that trash may be another man's power. Researchers
in California are turning garbage into bio-gas that may one day provide the
electricity in your home. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Trash could soon be powering your home. A new digester can transform it into
energy. It uses two strains of bacteria to convert waste into bio-gas. Most
digesters store both bacteria in the same tank, which makes the process
unpredictable and slow. But not this digester. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>"Zhang's process takes the two bacteria and separates them into two
separate environments," Dave Konwinski, the director of OnSite Power
Systems in Davis, Calif., tells DBIS. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>This new and improved digester is the brain child of Biological Engineer
Ruihong Zhang. She and her students at UC Davis first built its prototype in
the lab. She's thrilled her new technology is being put to use in the real
world. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>"It's a new technology ... So it's like a child grow into adult,"
she says. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>The digester will turn three tons of food scraps into energy for 25 houses a
day. But it's not just for homes. The digester could be especially useful to
fuel processing plants. It s scheduled to be up and running this fall. OnSite
Power Systems plans to market it in several states in the next couple of years,
including California, Wisconsin and Minnesota. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>"We can actually scale a digester to fit their current operations, fill
it right at their operations, take the waste stream into the digester, and the
energy right back into the plant," Konwinski says. "It will make a
substantial dent in our current energy requirement for petroleum." <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>It's a win-win-win situation for the environment, industry and consumers.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>BACKGROUND:</b> Environmental engineers at the University of California,
Davis, are building a full-scale anaerobic digester that can convert any type
of solid organic waste into electricity -- even leftovers from restaurants. The
system is part of the $100,000 Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD
pilot project), but an even larger digester system is being put into place in San
Francisco.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>HOW IT WORKS:</b> In the process, food waste is collected from
restaurants and institutions and then fed to bacteria that thrive in low-oxygen
environments. It's called anaerobic digestion, a naturally occurring process of
decomposition. One type of bacteria turns carbohydrates into simple sugars,
amino acids and fatty acids. A second group of bacteria eats those compounds
and turns them into hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and acetic acid -- the
primary component of vinegar. Then a third group of bacteria takes those
broken-down compounds and turns them into methane and carbon dioxide. Between
60 and 80 percent becomes methane. The methane can be used as fuel for an
internal combustion engine that provides electricity.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>TYPES OF DIGESTION:</b> Anaerobic digestion is not the same thing as
human digestion, since the type of bacteria that produce methane don't live in
the human digestive tract. Industrial anaerobic digesters can also harness this
natural process to treat waste, provide heat, and increase nutrients in soil.
They are most commonly used for sewage treatment and for managing animal waste.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>BENEFITS:</b> The goal of SMUD is to obtain 20 percent of its electricity
from renewable sources such as wind, solar, and biodegradable matter by 2011.
Currently SMUD derives 10 percent of its electricity from renewable sources, of
which biomass accounts for 2.5 percent. The UC-Davis digester would keep food
and other biodegradable waste out of landfills; food leftovers account for 18
percent of a landfill's contents. One tone of leftover food can produce enough
fuel to power 18 homes for one day. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><b>WHAT ARE EXTREMOPHILES?</b> An extremophile is any microbe that thrives
in extreme conditions, such as temperature (extreme heat or cold), pressure,
salinity, low oxygen environments, or high concentrations of hostile chemicals.
Most extremophiles belong to a class known as archaeobacteria, but certain
species of worm, crustacean and krill can also be considered extremophiles. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><i>The <a href="http://www.ieeeusa.org/" target="_blank">Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.</a>, contributed to the information
contained in the TV portion of this report.</i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.ivanhoe.com/ftk" target="_blank"><span
style='color:blue;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=120 height=160
id="_x0000_i1029" src="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/ivanhoe.gif"
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<p class=MsoNormal><strong><i><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Note:</span></i></strong><em><span
style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> This story and accompanying video
were originally produced for the American Institute of Physics series <a
href="http://www.aip.org/dbis/" target="_blank">Discoveries and Breakthroughs
in Science</a> by Ivanhoe Broadcast News and are protected by copyright law.
All rights reserved.</span></em><o:p></o:p></p>
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