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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Thanks for your big help, Ken! I really
appreciate your assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>We will think about this option and might come
back to you with further questions. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Have a nice weekend!<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Yvonne<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org
[mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Ken Calvert<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Freitag, 29. Oktober 2010
12:46<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> For Discussion of Anaerobic
Digestion<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Digestion] Dry
fermentation in developing countries</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Yvonne Hi again! When you talk of security, I
would think that the greatest danger would be from asphyxiation. I don't
see explosions as being a great danger. When you crack open a digester,
Methane is lighter than air and will quickly rise up out of the way.
But Carbon dioxide is much heavier than air and will stay down in the
box. if it is dug into the ground. The cheapest system is to
dig a trench in the ground with one end sloping upwards to make a ramp
that you can run a wheel barrow down into the trench.. The sides are plastered
ferrocemento style, like throwing cow dung onto the sideof a wall to
dry. The top cover is made from PVC tarpaulin material and it is
sealed into the ferrocemento sides by being pinned down into a small narrow
trench made of cement and integral with the sides.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Then the sealing trench is filled with water or better
still a clay slurry. However, the real danger is CO2
remaining down in the digester and I would not recommend blowing it out
with Jamies idea of a car exhaust either. CO2 is so sneaky inthat
you can't really smell anything an two good breathes of CO2 and you will be
dizzy enough to fall down. Then you are really in trouble. One to two
minutes and you are a goner! </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> If security/safety is your main concern then it
takes two sheets of nylon reinforced PVC tarp. You lay one down on
the ground as a base, with the edges turned up, and you pour a
concrete floor over the tarp, strong enough to support Men Wheelbarrows
Tractors or whatever. Then you heap up your digestable material on the
floor and then pull a top cover of PVC tarp over the top and seal it
to the edges protruding from underneath the floor. That seal is made from
sliced up Polythylene pipe and does not require water. Rather its a
couple of tubes of lubricating grease every time you seal up a new
batch of material. </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Being built on level ground the biogas goes upwards and the
CO2 fraction spreads out over the ground and may kill a few low lying animals
but not people or their dogs. </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Because the digester is so flexible it can be sucked
virtually dry of biogas and the top will be sucked down on top of the substrate
material. Then very very little gas will be wasted. </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>If you were not so worried about explosions, I would be
suggesting that one of those 12 volt blowers used to pump up your air
mattress for camping out, or your swimming/paddling pool would do all the
blowing and sucking that you would want. In actual fact, with no air
leaking in you can suck out pure biogas with no danger at all. It
takes a 15% mixture of gas in air to make an explosion.
However, even so, it would be wise to choose a blower that doesn't spark
at the brushes.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Home me in a bit further on your vision and I will come
back with more details of which ever way you want to go. Ken C. </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> </span></font>----- Original Me<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;
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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>ssage ----- <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='font-color:black'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:#E4E4E4'><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:Yvonne.Voegeli@eawag.ch" title="Yvonne.Voegeli@eawag.ch">Voegeli,
Yvonne</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>To:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"
title="digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org">For Discussion of Anaerobic Digestion</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Friday, October
29, 2010 10:06 PM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Re: [Digestion]
Dry fermentation in developing countries<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Thank you very much for your feedback and
ideas. We will have to think more about David’s’ suggestion using
two flame traps.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Ken is right; I should have given a bit
more details on the project. I have to admit that we are at the very
beginning... The project is located in Kumasi, Ghana, and our local research
partner is the KNUST University of Science and Technology. The pilot plant
shall be located at the university campus and the feeding material will consist
of organic household waste or food waste from restaurants. In a first step, two
Swiss students will work on the project for 6 months (start in December),
spending 4 months on site. Their task is to identify the suitable material,
that’s why I can’t give you the details on what exactly is
available. At first, I was also thinking about a shipping container (what about
corrosion?), but cement materials are also available as well as skilled
workers. We will have to compare the different options and costs.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>On principle, the idea is that such a
plant would be operated by the municipality or a private contractor (not by
farmers), as our focus is on municipal solid waste. There are still many open
questions, but my biggest concern was the security - if it is possible at all
to construct a simple digester which is safe...<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I think the students might contact some of
you directly for further questions later on.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Thank you,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Yvonne<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org
[mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Ken Calvert<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Freitag, 29. Oktober 2010
09:48<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> For Discussion of Anaerobic
Digestion<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Digestion] Dry
fermentation in developing countries</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> Yvonne Hi! When you say developing
countries, what sort of construction materials are you thinking
of? Would old 20 tonne shipping containers be available?</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Are cement materias and tradesmen skilled in
cement plaster work readily available? What about PVC
tarpaulin cloth? Are there trucks on the roads that have waterproof
covers that can be strapped down over a load? What is
the local soil and terrain? Is it possible to dig say 2-3
metres deep in the soil and get a smooth surface, or is the
terrain too soft and sandy to hold to the shape of a cistern or
trench dug in the soil? Is it too rocky to allow any sort of
digging at all? If you can home in a little more on the country side
and local skills available I can make several different
suggestions. Sincerely, Ken Calvert. <a
href="http://www.coffee.20m.com">www.coffee.20m.com</a></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;
margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>----- Original Message ----- <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='font-color:black'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:#E4E4E4'><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:Yvonne.Voegeli@eawag.ch" title="Yvonne.Voegeli@eawag.ch">Voegeli,
Yvonne</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>To:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"
title="digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Thursday, October
28, 2010 9:53 PM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> [Digestion] Dry
fermentation in developing countries<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>I like to start a new discussion on a different topic,
namely the dry-fermentation process (discontinuous) similar to the digesters
developed by the companies Bekon or Bioferm in Germany. The organic waste is
filled batch-wise into simple garage-like digesters for about 30-40 days.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Experts report that this process has a high potential for
application in developing countries as it has the simplest design and the solid
waste digesters are the least expensive ones. Also, substrates that lead to
operating problems during wet fermentation due to their structure or the
proportion of impurities they contain can still be processed using dry
fermentation methods. However, up to date, there is no experience with this
technology in developing countries. Therefore, our idea is to develop a
dry-fermentation biogas plant adapted to the situation in developing countries
using locally available material. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>After visiting a Bekon biogas plant in Switzerland,
I’m especially concerned regarding the opening of the digester for
emptying and refilling. Before opening the door, the digester has to be vented
in order to avoid a gas-air-mixture which is explosive. This installation seems
to me rather complicated.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>- Is anybody of you familiar with discontinuous
dry-fermentation systems and has an idea how the security can be assured in a
developing country context? Is it possible to install a simpler venting system?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>- Likewise, when removing the drum from a floating-drum
digester for emptying, how is ensured that at no time an explosive
gas-air-mixture occurs?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Thanks for your ideas,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Yvonne</span></font><font size=5><span style='font-size:
18.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=5 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
18.0pt'>°°°</span></font><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Yvonne Vögeli<br>
Eawag / Sandec<br>
Überlandstrasse 133<br>
P.O. Box 611<br>
8600 Dübendorf<br>
Switzerland<br>
Phone: +41 (0)44 823 54 20<br>
Fax: +41 (0)44 823 53 99<br>
yvonne.voegeli@eawag.ch<br>
</span></font><span lang=DE-CH><a href="http://www.sandec.ch"><font size=2
face=Arial><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>http://www.sandec.ch</span></font></a>
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>_______________________________________________<br>
Digestion mailing list<br>
<br>
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br>
Digestion@bioenergylists.org<br>
<br>
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br>
http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergylists.org<br>
<br>
for more information about digestion, see<br>
Beginner's Guide to Biogas<br>
http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/<br>
and the Biogas Wiki http://biogas.wikispaces.com/<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</blockquote>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>_______________________________________________<br>
Digestion mailing list<br>
<br>
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br>
Digestion@bioenergylists.org<br>
<br>
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br>
http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergylists.org<br>
<br>
for more information about digestion, see<br>
Beginner's Guide to Biogas<br>
http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/<br>
and the Biogas Wiki http://biogas.wikispaces.com/<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</blockquote>
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