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<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">CO2 equivalents are too variable to
calculate that way. It depends on the "baseline", i.e. what methane would
otherwise go into the artmosphere. Huge diffierence between landfilling and land
application of the waste as fertilizer, for example.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">I am working on getting the CDM
calculations for diverting waste to biogas dsone in a spreadsheet, that will
automatically do the calculations when you enter the variables in each case. No
one has done this.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">We moght want to sell it for a
<U>small</U> fee, but it will be done in February.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">Randy Mott</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">CEERES</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">----- Original Message ----- </FONT>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">From: "Bill Rucks" <</FONT><A
href="mailto:water.alchemy.ltd@clear.net.nz"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">water.alchemy.ltd@clear.net.nz</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">To: <</FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">Sent: Sunday, January 02, 2011 8:53
AM</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face="Arial Narrow">Subject: [Digestion] Contents of digestion
digest</FONT></DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial Narrow"><BR><FONT size=2></FONT></FONT></DIV><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">> Greeting all <BR>> I always find it refreshing to
receive answers to my enquiries !! even<BR>> though it create a lot more
questions. The universe is full of answers, we<BR>> just need to better
understand the real skill in asking the right questions.<BR>> (sorry for that
burst of philosophical bleating)<BR>> <BR>> I understand all the
information relating to % of methane and the ratios of<BR>> CO2 to other
gasses in my biogas and the methods on how it is produced and<BR>> so on and
so forth - but surly some one has a rough idea there is a net<BR>> energy
requirement to produce and set amount of energy (via fossil fuel<BR>> energy
generation) and if you produce/utilise a renewable energy source like<BR>>
biogas from human and waste vegetable (dinner leftovers. <BR>> <BR>> Some
one must have a idea on that very simple equation 1000 - 10 m3 of<BR>> biogas
is equal to 1 tonne of co2 equivalents ?????? <BR>> We will never build
a large multiple of these system unless we have a idea<BR>> on that ratio
- an surly building lots of small systems will benefit lots<BR>> more
people - than big companies - the big companies have got us into this<BR>>
predetermine that we find our selves in !!! <BR>> Regards
<BR>> <BR>> Bill Rucks <BR>> Water Alchemy ltd<BR>> New
Zealand<BR>> + 64 3 544 9148<BR>> + 64 21 258 2063<BR>> </FONT><A
href="mailto:water.alchemy.ltd@clear.net.nz"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">water.alchemy.ltd@clear.net.nz</FONT></A><BR><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">> </FONT><A href="http://www.wateralchemy.co.nz"><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">www.wateralchemy.co.nz</FONT></A><BR><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> "how is it possible that the impossible
is not only possible but<BR>> inevitable"!!<BR>> This message is intended
only for the use of the addressee and may contain<BR>> information that is
privileged, confidential and exempt from disclosure<BR>> under applicable
law. If the reader of this message is not the intended<BR>> recipient, you
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e-mail in error, please notify us immediately by return e-mail and<BR>>
delete this e-mail and all attachments from your system.<BR>> <BR>>
P Please consider the environment before printing this e-mail<BR>>
<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>
<BR>> <BR>> -----Original Message-----<BR>> From: </FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">>
[mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] On Behalf Of<BR>>
</FONT><A href="mailto:digestion-request@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion-request@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> Sent: Wednesday, 22 December 2010 9:00
a.m.<BR>> To: </FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> Subject: Digestion Digest, Vol 4, Issue
14<BR>> <BR>> Send Digestion mailing list submissions to<BR>> </FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
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World Wide Web, visit<BR>> <BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergyli"><FONT
size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergyli</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> sts.org<BR>> <BR>> or, via email, send a
message with subject or body 'help' to<BR>> </FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion-request@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion-request@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> You can reach the person managing the
list at<BR>> </FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion-owner@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion-owner@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> When replying, please edit your Subject
line so it is more specific<BR>> than "Re: Contents of Digestion
digest..."<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> Today's Topics:<BR>>
<BR>> 1. FW: Biogas and CO2 equivalents (Paul
Harris)<BR>> 2. Re: FW: Biogas and CO2 equivalents (James
Fidell)<BR>> 3. Re: FW: Biogas and CO2 equivalents (Randy
Mott)<BR>> 4. Re: FW: Biogas and CO2 equivalents (David)<BR>>
<BR>> <BR>>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<BR>>
<BR>> Message: 1<BR>> Date: Tue, 21 Dec 2010 20:35:41 +1030<BR>> From:
"Paul Harris" <</FONT><A href="mailto:paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au"><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> To: "'For Discussion of Anaerobic
Digestion'"<BR>> <</FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> Subject: [Digestion] FW: Biogas and CO2
equivalents<BR>> Message-ID: <</FONT><A
href="mailto:002901cba0f6$a3bbe470$eb33ad50$@harris@adelaide.edu.au"><FONT
size=2
face="Arial Narrow">002901cba0f6$a3bbe470$eb33ad50$@harris@adelaide.edu.au</FONT></A><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="us-ascii"<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>
<BR>> Mr. Paul Harris, Room S116b, Waite Main Building Faculty of Sciences,
The<BR>> University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond SA 5064
Ph : +61<BR>> 8 8303 7880
Fax : +61 8 8303 4386<BR>> <</FONT><A
href="mailto:paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">mailto:paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">> </FONT><A
href="mailto:paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">mailto:paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <</FONT><A
href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/paul.harris"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/paul.harris</FONT></A><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/paul.harris"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/paul.harris</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> CRICOS Provider
Number 00123M<BR>> <BR>> This email message is intended only for the
addressee(s) and contains<BR>> information that may be confidential and/or
copyright. If you are not the<BR>> intended recipient please notify the
sender by reply email and immediately<BR>> delete this email. Use, disclosure
or reproduction of this email by anyone<BR>> other than the intended
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recommended and is the responsibility of the<BR>> recipient.<BR>>
<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> From: Bill Rucks
[mailto:water.alchemy.ltd@clear.net.nz] <BR>> Sent: Tuesday, 21 December 2010
8:41 AM<BR>> To: </FONT><A href="mailto:paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au"><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">paul.harris@adelaide.edu.au</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> Subject: Biogas and CO2 equivalents<BR>>
<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> Greetings Paul <BR>> <BR>> I have been
receiving all the digester list emails - it is always good<BR>>
reading.<BR>> <BR>> I have a question - and not sure how to post it
!!<BR>> <BR>> How do you convert M3 of biogas produced to CO2 equivalents
or Carbon<BR>> Credits - is it 1000 m3 = 1 tonne of CO2 equivalents ?? of 100
m3 of biogas<BR>> to 1 tonne of CO2 equivalents and we don't have to be
to precise, just<BR>> general !! <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>
<BR>> This is why:<BR>> <BR>> I have a project in PNG <BR>> <BR>>
Were I have installed one of my Digesters into a domestic house ( which
I<BR>> personal financed with another PNG group/company) <BR>> <BR>>
This system has been going for 3 months or so - and is constantly
producing<BR>> 10 m3 per month of burnable gas ( which is used for hoses
hold<BR>> cooking/lighting ) these house have electrical stoves and this
electrical<BR>> usage ( produced via mineral diesel electrical energy
production) is been<BR>> replaced by biogas. Which is about 330 or sol lts of
gas per day and they<BR>> use around 200lts per day for all there cooking
lighting requirements. So it<BR>> is working well !!! it real cool - much
better than my New Zealand<BR>> Digesters. Bloody New Zealand weather
!!!!!<BR>> <BR>> I have a JV company getting developed there and the JV
company will be<BR>> building these system on mass into PNG - but I would
like to get some carbon<BR>> financing and carbon credits for the energy that
we have off set - in some<BR>> regions we will be offsetting electrical, LPG
and wood burning for energy<BR>> production. I am a good micro digester
technologist but not a good Carbon<BR>> analysts - who should we be
talking to for the carbon side of things and<BR>> how much would it cost to
get certification of the process to get carbon<BR>> credits, and who do we
apply to get some carbon financing to assist in the<BR>> rollout of these
systems. The more money the more system will get built.<BR>>
<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> Sorry for so many questions so close to
Christmas <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> Bill Rucks <BR>> <BR>>
Water Alchemy ltd <BR>> <BR>> New Zealand<BR>> <BR>> + 64 3 544
9148<BR>> <BR>> + 64 21 258 2063<BR>> <BR>> </FONT><A
href="mailto:water.alchemy.ltd@clear.net.nz"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">water.alchemy.ltd@clear.net.nz</FONT></A><BR><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://www.wateralchemy.co.nz"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">www.wateralchemy.co.nz</FONT></A><BR><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> "how is it possible
that the impossible is not only possible but<BR>> inevitable"!!<BR>>
<BR>> This message is intended only for the use of the addressee and may
contain<BR>> information that is privileged, confidential and exempt from
disclosure<BR>> under applicable law. If the reader of this message is not
the intended<BR>> recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination,
distribution or<BR>> copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If
you have received<BR>> this e-mail in error, please notify us immediately by
return e-mail and<BR>> delete this e-mail and all attachments from your
system.<BR>> <BR>> P Please consider the environment before printing
this e-mail<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>
<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>
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------------------------------<BR>> <BR>> Message: 2<BR>> Date: Tue, 21
Dec 2010 12:06:56 +0000<BR>> From: James Fidell <</FONT><A
href="mailto:james@fidell.co.uk"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">james@fidell.co.uk</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> To: </FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> Subject: Re: [Digestion] FW: Biogas and CO2
equivalents<BR>> Message-ID: <</FONT><A
href="mailto:4D109860.2000802@fidell.co.uk"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">4D109860.2000802@fidell.co.uk</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1;
format=flowed<BR>> <BR>>> How do you convert M3 of biogas produced to
CO2 equivalents or Carbon<BR>>> Credits - is it 1000 m3 = 1 tonne of CO2
equivalents ?? of 100 m3 of<BR>> biogas<BR>>> to 1 tonne of CO2
equivalents and we don't have to be to precise, just<BR>>>
general !!<BR>> <BR>> I'm only familiar with the UK metrics because
they're the ones I'm<BR>> dealing with at the moment, but in the case of
biogas I'd imagine<BR>> they're very similar all over the world (some energy
sources have<BR>> different metrics between countries and even for different
areas of the<BR>> same country).<BR>> <BR>> The biogas figure I have
comes from the 2010 DEFRA/DECC GHG metrics and<BR>> gives 2040kg of CO2
equivalents per tonne or 0.246kgCO2e per kWh (net<BR>> CV) of biogas as a
mixture of 60% CH4 and 40% CO2. I don't have figures<BR>> for emissions
by volume, but my schoolboy chemistry suggests that's<BR>> likely to be more
difficult given the need to account for variations in<BR>> temperature and
pressure.<BR>> <BR>> James<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>
------------------------------<BR>> <BR>> Message: 3<BR>> Date: Tue, 21
Dec 2010 13:35:51 +0100<BR>> From: "Randy Mott" <</FONT><A
href="mailto:randymott@ceeres.eu"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">randymott@ceeres.eu</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> To: "'For Discussion of Anaerobic
Digestion'"<BR>> <</FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> Subject: Re: [Digestion] FW: Biogas and CO2
equivalents<BR>> Message-ID: <</FONT><A
href="mailto:004201cba10b$9b759e40$d260dac0$@ceeres.eu"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">004201cba10b$9b759e40$d260dac0$@ceeres.eu</FONT></A><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="US-ASCII"<BR>> <BR>> You cannot simply use the methane destroyed
to derive credits. You have to<BR>> demonstrate that the methane destroyed
would have otherwise gone into the<BR>> atmosphere. So a 1 MW biogas plant
that actually destroys 116,000 tons of<BR>> CO2 equivalents a year, will
typically receive only about 20-40,000tons of<BR>> actual credit. There are
elaborate formulas for this calculation .....<BR>> <BR>> See </FONT><A
href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/index.html"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/index.html</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> Randy Mott<BR>> CEERES<BR>>
Warsaw<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> -----Original Message-----<BR>>
From: </FONT><A href="mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT
size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">>
[mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] On Behalf Of James<BR>>
Fidell<BR>> Sent: Tuesday, December 21, 2010 1:07 PM<BR>> To: </FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> Subject: Re: [Digestion] FW: Biogas and CO2
equivalents<BR>> <BR>>> How do you convert M3 of biogas produced to CO2
equivalents or Carbon <BR>>> Credits - is it 1000 m3 = 1 tonne of CO2
equivalents ?? of 100 m3 of <BR>>> biogas to 1 tonne of CO2
equivalents and we don't have to be to <BR>>> precise, just
general !!<BR>> <BR>> I'm only familiar with the UK metrics because
they're the ones I'm dealing<BR>> with at the moment, but in the case of
biogas I'd imagine they're very<BR>> similar all over the world (some energy
sources have different metrics<BR>> between countries and even for different
areas of the same country).<BR>> <BR>> The biogas figure I have comes from
the 2010 DEFRA/DECC GHG metrics and<BR>> gives 2040kg of CO2 equivalents per
tonne or 0.246kgCO2e per kWh (net<BR>> CV) of biogas as a mixture of 60% CH4
and 40% CO2. I don't have figures for<BR>> emissions by volume, but my
schoolboy chemistry suggests that's likely to be<BR>> more difficult given
the need to account for variations in temperature and<BR>> pressure.<BR>>
<BR>> James<BR>> <BR>>
_______________________________________________<BR>> Digestion mailing
list<BR>> <BR>> to Send a Message to the list, use the email
address<BR>> </FONT><A href="mailto:Digestion@bioenergylists.org"><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">Digestion@bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List
Settings use the web page<BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergyli"><FONT
size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergyli</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> sts.org<BR>> <BR>> for more information
about digestion, see Beginner's Guide to Biogas<BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> and the Biogas Wiki </FONT><A
href="http://biogas.wikispaces.com/"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://biogas.wikispaces.com/</FONT></A><BR><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>
------------------------------<BR>> <BR>> Message: 4<BR>> Date: Tue, 21
Dec 2010 10:02:20 -0800<BR>> From: David <</FONT><A
href="mailto:david@h4c.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">david@h4c.org</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> To: For Discussion of Anaerobic
Digestion<BR>> <</FONT><A
href="mailto:digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> Subject: Re: [Digestion] FW: Biogas and CO2
equivalents<BR>> Message-ID: <</FONT><A
href="mailto:4D10EBAC.8010800@h4c.org"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">4D10EBAC.8010800@h4c.org</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">><BR>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1";
Format="flowed"<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> <BR>> Friends,<BR>> <BR>> On
12/21/2010 4:35 AM, Randy Mott wrote:<BR>>> You cannot simply use the
methane destroyed to derive credits. You have to<BR>> demonstrate that the
methane destroyed would have otherwise gone into the<BR>> atmosphere. So a 1
MW biogas plant that actually destroys 116,000 tons of<BR>> CO2 equivalents a
year, will typically receive only about 20-40,000 tons of<BR>> actual credit.
There are elaborate formulas for this calculation .....<BR>>><BR>>>
See </FONT><A href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/index.html"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/index.html</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> To add to what Randy said, of course we
all realize that carbon <BR>> credits are a very unusual currency, because
they are based on what is <BR>> specifically not there. That is, one gains
credit for CO2 equivalents <BR>> that are /not/ produced. Thus the question
becomes "How does one <BR>> demonstrate that what has been done has resulted
in a reduction in CO2 <BR>> equivalent emissions?"<BR>> <BR>>
Ordinarily, then, the process is first to document the current <BR>>
situation at some depth in specified ways. For example, one might <BR>>
demonstrate that a certain amount of firewood and kerosene is being <BR>>
used on a per capita basis through a given region for cooking and <BR>>
lighting. Then one would need to demonstrate that some portion or all <BR>>
of the firewood is "non-renewable biomass", NRB. (That is, for <BR>> example,
the forests from which it comes are for the most part not <BR>> replanted nor
do they regrow naturally, so the CO2 released when the <BR>> wood is burned
is not being recaptured locally/regionally in new <BR>> forest biomass.)
Assume, for example, that half the firewood is NRB. <BR>> In that case, half
the CO2 released from burning wood for cooking can <BR>> be counted as
emissions, and of course all the CO2 from the kerosene.<BR>> <BR>> Then
one postulates or provides a given number of biogas digesters to <BR>> those
in the area of interest. Again using specified methods, one <BR>> would need
to demonstrate that people have certain numbers of animals <BR>> of certain
kinds, and thus taking into account the regional climate <BR>> and similar
factors, each digester can be expected to produce a <BR>> certain amount of
biogas, which will then in turn replace a certain <BR>> amount of firewood
and kerosene for cooking and lighting. Based on <BR>> those surveys, methods,
measures and calculations, one makes an <BR>> assertion about the amount of
emissions avoided. To that figure, <BR>> depending, one might also add (as
Randy indicated) methane emissions <BR>> avoided because an assumed
(demonstrated) amount of dung or kitchen <BR>> waste or what-have-you is not
going anaerobic "in the wild".<BR>> <BR>> There is, likewise, considerable
concern in the international <BR>> community about what is called
"additionality". That means that where, <BR>> say, the credits are from the
Clean Development Mechanism <BR>> <</FONT><A
href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/12/credit-where-c"><FONT
size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/12/credit-where-c</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">>
redit-is-due-understanding-the-clean-development-mechanism> <BR>> (which
apparently will continue beyond 2012, based on what happened in <BR>>
Cancun), the UNFCCC wants to make sure that whatever is being proposed <BR>>
to be done to reduce emissions could not otherwise be done without the <BR>>
credits. To say it another way, where a project is self-sustaining <BR>>
regardless, it cannot qualify for credits.<BR>> <BR>> The processes
established for producing credits are detailed, rigorous <BR>> and complex
because the agency or organization must maintain <BR>> credibility. The only
source of the value which the credits may <BR>> maintain derives from trust.
If that trust is corroded, the associated <BR>> value is corroded. And
second, the processes used may, to some, appear <BR>> bureaucratic, but here
likewise there is good reason, which is that <BR>> everyone must be treated
the same way, and so everyone must follow the <BR>> same process, even if
that process is not well suited to the needs or <BR>> ideas of some
applicants.<BR>> <BR>> There are, as well, many different kinds of
credits: UNFCCC provides <BR>> one kind, called a compliance credit, because
it is produced under <BR>> international agreements supported by regulations
in the country of <BR>> interest. There are also voluntary credits, perhaps
the best of which <BR>> is the Gold Standard <</FONT><A
href="http://www.cdmgoldstandard.org/"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://www.cdmgoldstandard.org/</FONT></A><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">>. (In fact, one <BR>> can apply for both CDM and Gold
Standard, although this will not <BR>> result in having duplicated credits,
although it will result in having <BR>> credits that are seen in some
contexts as being more valuable.)<BR>> <BR>> Finally, it would not make
sense to apply for carbon credits on the <BR>> basis of one household
digester. Like any similar process, the process <BR>> of applying for carbon
credits has fixed and variable costs, and the <BR>> fixed costs of applying
for carbon credits are substantial enough that <BR>> it would make little
sense for a project developer to apply for them <BR>> where only a few
credits will result. There are, likewise, minimums <BR>> that apply within
the agencies and organizations that tender the credits.<BR>> <BR>> Thus a
single very (very) large digester may qualify, but when dealing <BR>> with
digesters as small as household digesters, it will usually only <BR>> make
sense to apply for credits if there are going to be a large <BR>> number of
them. Carbon credits for biogas are a strategy useful where <BR>> a fairly
large effort is being made, implying significant funding, a <BR>>
sufficiently-sized organization on the ground and so on.<BR>> <BR>>
<BR>> <BR>> d.<BR>> -- <BR>> David William House<BR>> "The
Complete Biogas Handbook" |www.completebiogas.com|<BR>> /Vahid Biogas/, an
alternative energy consultancy |www.vahidbiogas.com<BR>> <BR>> |<BR>>
"Make no search for water. But find
thirst,<BR>> And water from the very ground will burst."<BR>> (Rumi, a
Persian mystic poet, quoted in /Delight of Hearts/, p. 77)<BR>> <BR>>
</FONT><A href="http://bahai.us/"><FONT size=2
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_______________________________________________<BR>> Digestion mailing
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size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> sts.org<BR>> <BR>> for more information
about digestion, see<BR>> Beginner's Guide to Biogas<BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/</FONT></A><BR><FONT
size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> and the Biogas Wiki </FONT><A
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4, Issue 14<BR>> ****************************************<BR>> <BR>>
<BR>> _______________________________________________<BR>> Digestion
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size=2 face="Arial Narrow">> <BR>> for more information about digestion,
see<BR>> Beginner's Guide to Biogas<BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/"><FONT size=2
face="Arial Narrow">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/</FONT></A><BR><FONT
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