<html><head><style type="text/css"><!-- DIV {margin:0px;} --></style></head><body><div style="font-family:'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif;font-size:12pt"><div style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; ">Dear Leo, dear all,</div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; "><br></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3">Leo, experiences show that the first use of biogas from household biogas units is cooking. Hence, I advice you, to dedicate most attention to that. Lighting is secondary. </font><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3">Also, biogas for lighting is used, but only if an electrical powered alternative is not avialable. Then using average values of GTZ might misguide you, as these could have been obtained from
different stoves with different </font><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif">efficiencies</font><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3">. The best conversion of the fuels is to convert all the fuels into amounts of useful energy. With useful energy I mean the amount of fuel that is actually diverted to cooking and not lost.</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3">Something like this:</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif">Net calorific value of fuel a * amount * stove efficiency = Amount of energy
used for cooking. </font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif"><br></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif">Then when knowing the amount of energy used for cooking, you can, when knowing the efficiency of a biogas stove and the net calorific value of biogas calculate the amount of biogas equivalents. There is a wealth of literature on stove efficiencies and biogas stove efficiencies. </font></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; "><br></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; ">Regarding your question about the calorific value of charcoal, well, since wood is already 15.6 MJ/kg, the value of charcoal, even when produced in suboptimal conditions is very likely to be higher. </div><div
style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; "><br></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3">Finally, also consider this, energy demand is likely to be higher when people have biogas, as they might currently suffer from </font><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif">suppressed</font><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif" size="3"> energy demand.They might therefore need a bigger biogas unit than you would estimate. This btw, applies in particular to lighting!</font></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; "><br></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; ">PS, groetjes aan Sanne, dit is voor Simgas, of
niet?</div><div style="font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; color: black; "><br><div style="font-family:times new roman, new york, times, serif;font-size:12pt"><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><hr size="1"><b><span style="font-weight: bold;">From:</span></b> David Fulford <davidf@kingdombio.com><br><b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> For Discussion of Anaerobic Digestion <digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org><br><b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cc:</span></b> "Franssen, Loe (Alumni)" <LLC.Franssen@alumni.maastrichtuniversity.nl><br><b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Mon, January 17, 2011 8:43:47 AM<br><b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Digestion] Biogas conversation rates<br></font><br>
Loe, Hello,<br>
<br>
The key to the problem is efficiencies (or more to the point:
inefficiencies). Getting light from burning kerosene or biogas is
very inefficient, as most of the energy is turned into heat. The
temperature of a wick lamp burning kerosene is about 290 deg.C = 563
K. The energy at different frequencies is defined by Planck's law,
which is can be simplified using Wein's displacement law (see <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law">Wikipedia pages</a>).
This suggests that less than 0.01% of the total radiation from a
flame at this temperature is in the visible spectrum.<br>
<br>
A gas lamp burns at a higher temperature (at least 1200 K). The heat
is used with a mantle that uses a rare earth that generates light
when heated. The overall efficiency is still fairly low (perhaps 1
to 3%), but it is much higher (100 times) than for a kerosene wick
lamp. <br>
<br>
If you comparing like with like, it would be better to compare a
kerosene pressure lamp with a biogas lamp, as pressure lamps also
use mantles. I do not know how much kerosene a kerosene pressure
lamp uses, but it provides a much better light than a wick lamp.<br>
<br>
So your figures are not at all surprising; you need to include
overall efficiency figures when comparing the light from fuels using
calorific values. <br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
<br>
David<br>
<br>
On 16/01/2011 12:34, Franssen, Loe (Alumni) wrote:
<blockquote type="cite">
<style><!--P {
MARGIN-TOP:0px;MARGIN-BOTTOM:0px;}
--></style>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" color="#000000" face="Tahoma">Hey
Duncan (and the others),</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">thanks for your
elaborate answer ! I'm sorry for being unspecific. Let me be a
bit more specific and take the kerosene conversion rate
because the information on this one is the most inconsistent.</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">Assumptions</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">Consumption rate
simple wick kerosene lamp; 0,01 liter kerosene per hour
</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma"> Biogas
lamp; 70 liters of gas per hour (specifications of the lamp
that will be supplied:
<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://kingoni.en.ec21.com/Biogas_Lamp--3003470_3352352.html">http://kingoni.en.ec21.com/Biogas_Lamp--3003470_3352352.html</a>)</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">Lumen output of a
simple wick kerosene lamp 7,8 lumen</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma"> biogas
lamp; 50 lumen (not sure on this number as there is a large
range for it right?!)</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">Calculation</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">
</font>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma"><font size="2" face="tahoma">so 1 liter of kerosene is equivalent to 7000
liter gas.
</font>After correcting for lumen output, 1 liter of
kerosene is equal to <strong>
1,077</strong> liter of gas</font></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">If i use calorific
values i get the following result</font></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"><font face="Tahoma"><font size="2">1kilo kerosene = 46 mj/kg with a density of
0,95 kg/l so
</font></font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"><font face="Tahoma"><font size="2">1 liter kerosene = 43,7 mj/l</font></font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"><font face="Tahoma"><font size="2">1m3 biogas is 22.5mJ</font></font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color:black;"><font face="Tahoma"><font size="2">1
liter biogas = 0,0225 mJ</font></font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"></span> </p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNoSpacing"><font face="Tahoma"><font size="2"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">1L kerosene = (43.7/0.0225) =
<b>1942,22L</b> biogas</span><span style="color:rgb(42,
42, 42);" lang="EN-US"></span></font></font></p>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">Quite a difference hm
probably because of the lumen i took for the biogas lamp and
the consumption rates?! do you have recommendations on these
numbers?</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">Then another small
question.. for anthracite charcoal i found a calorific value
of 27mJ/kg, for lignite charcoal 15 mj/kg. I'm talking about
charcoal that these rural african farmers simply make in their
backyard. i assume i should take 15 mj/kg then right?! or even
less? </font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="tahoma">Thanks again!</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div style="direction:ltr;" id="divRpF144435"><font size="2" face="Tahoma">
<hr tabindex="-1">
</font><font face="Tahoma"><font size="2"><b>Van:</b>
<a rel="nofollow" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
[<a rel="nofollow" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>] namens Duncan
Martin [<a rel="nofollow" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:duncanjmartin@gmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:duncanjmartin@gmail.com">duncanjmartin@gmail.com</a>]<br>
<b>Verzonden:</b> zaterdag 15 januari 2011 10:51<br>
<b>Aan:</b> For Discussion of Anaerobic Digestion<br>
<b>Onderwerp:</b> Re: [Digestion] Biogas conversation rates<br>
</font></font><br>
</div>
<div>Hi Loe
<div><br>
</div>
<div>A few quick comments:</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>1. You can check equivalences yourself by looking up the
calorific values (heating values) of the three reference
fuels. Go back to the raw data, rather than relying on the
interpretations of others - who may well be biased. The data
is readily available and it needs no more specialized
knowledge to calculate equivalences than it does to calculate
a currency conversion - which I am sure you could do in your
sleep! *</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>2. Some of these fuels (eg biogas, firewood) are q variable
so all equivalences would be best expressed as ranges. That
might be one reason for the inconsistencies you mention. Make
sure your source isn't based on biomethane - ie purified
biogas.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>3. Rating biogas per so many hours of cooking is
meaningless unless better defined - are you assuming an open
gas ring, an enclosed oven or what**? Just one burning at a
time? What kind of food is being cooked - because some foods
need long, slow cooking? (Maybe a better yardstick would be a
typical daily household consumption.)</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>4. Rating biogas per so many hours of lighting is equally
meaningless. How many lights? What output? A reasonable
assumption for this application might be a single
~40W-equivalent to light a single room - but state it.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>* If that sounds unhelpful, it comes from long experience
of university teaching - and exposure to a lot of "<i>I am a
student and I need someone to do my assignment for me</i>"
requests! You'll learn more if you learn how to work it out
for yourself.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>** A well known problem here is that the poorest people
often (though not always) use the least efficient cooking
methods - eg an open fire. A common site in urban Zimbabwe a
few years ago was a pot suspended above an electric fire laid
on its back!!!</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Duncan Martin</div>
<div>Cloughjordan Ecovillage</div>
<div>Ireland</div>
<div><br>
<div class="gmail_quote">On 12 January 2011 13:52, Franssen,
Loe (Alumni) <span dir="ltr">
<<a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:LLC.Franssen@alumni.maastrichtuniversity.nl" target="_blank" href="mailto:LLC.Franssen@alumni.maastrichtuniversity.nl">LLC.Franssen@alumni.maastrichtuniversity.nl</a>></span>
wrote:<br>
<blockquote style="border-left:1px solid rgb(204, 204,
204);margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;" class="gmail_quote">
<div>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">Dear biogas
experts,
</font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">I am a 22 year old
student from the Maastricht University where I am
doing a bachelor in International Business. I am
currently doing an internship for a Dutch biogas
company that is planning to sell systems in East
Africa. I am developing a huge mathematical model
that calculates - among other things - how big
(m³) a digester should be for those households. I
want to determine this on the basis of the kilo’s
of charcoal and firewood and liters of kerosene
they already use and also on the basis of cooking
time and lighting hours. After studying several
articles from GTZ, SNV, and master or Phd.
students’ reports I came to the following
conversion rates and I was hoping you guys could
give your opinion on it. </font></span></p>
<table style="margin:auto auto auto 3.5pt;
width:412.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="550">
<tbody>
<tr style="min-height:15.75pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240, 240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;
background-color:transparent;min-height:15.75pt;width:364pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="485">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240, 240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;
background-color:transparent;min-height:15.75pt;
width:48.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="65">
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240, 240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;
background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:364pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="485">
<table style="width:357pt;
border-collapse:collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="476">
<tbody>
<tr style="min-height:15.75pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15.75pt;width:131.2pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="175">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15.75pt;width:33.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="45">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15.75pt;width:83.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="112">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">Source</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15.75pt;width:48.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="65">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15.75pt;width:59.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="80">
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:131.2pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="175">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">Charcoal (kg)
>> Gas (l)</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:33.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p style="text-align:right;line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="right">
<span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">500</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:192.4pt;" rowspan="2" colspan="3" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="257">
<p style="text-align:center;line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="center">
<span style="color:black;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-biogas-volume1.pdf"><font face="Calibri">GTZ article
Biogas digest volume 1</font></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align:center;line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="center">
<span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">GTZ article Biogas
digest volume 1</font></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:131.2pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="175">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">firewood (kg)
>> Gas (l)</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:33.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p style="text-align:right;line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="right">
<span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">200</font></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:131.2pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="175">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">Kerosene (l)
>> Gas (l)</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:33.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p style="text-align:right;line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="right">
<span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">1600</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:83.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="112">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color:blue;"><font face="Calibri"><span>
</span><span> </span></font><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1957301-biogas-making-technique-simplified/"><font color="#0000ff" face="Calibri">link
1</font></a></span></u></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:48.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="65">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color:blue;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.inseda.org/Presentation/Biogas-the%20future%20Sustainable%20Energy-Fr%20Mathew.pdf"><font face="Calibri">link 2</font></a></span></u></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:59.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="80">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color:blue;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.eplantscience.com/index_files/biotechnology/Biotechnology%20and%20environment/Biomass%20Energy%20%28Bio-energy%29/biotech_bio-energy_gaseous_fuels.php"><font face="Calibri">link 3</font></a></span></u></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:131.2pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="175">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:33.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="45">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:83.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="112">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:48.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="65">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:59.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="80">
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:131.2pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="175">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">Cooking (hrs)
>> Gas (l)</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:33.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p style="text-align:right;line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="right">
<span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">300</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:83.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="112">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:48.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="65">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:59.8pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="80">
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:131.2pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="175">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">Lighting (hrs)
>> Gas (l)</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:33.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p style="text-align:right;line-height:normal;margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="right">
<span style="color:black;"><font face="Calibri">70</font></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240,
240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:192.4pt;" colspan="3" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="257">
<p style="line-height:normal;
margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.snvworld.org/en/Documents/Biogas_stoves_and_lamps_test_report_2009.pdf"><font face="Calibri">SNVworld.org
link4</font></a><font face="Calibri">
<span> </span></font></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240, 240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;
background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:48.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="65">
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="min-height:15pt;">
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240, 240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;
background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:364pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="485">
<br>
</td>
<td style="border:medium none rgb(240, 240, 240);padding:0cm 3.5pt;
background-color:transparent;min-height:15pt;width:48.4pt;" nowrap="" valign="bottom" width="65">
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">I am particularly
concerned about the conversion rate from liters of
kerosene to liters of biogas. The results I found
online don’t seem to be very constant. I tried to
do some calculations myself but I have no idea how
to calculate this (my background is (micro-)
finance) so I was hoping you could shed some
lights on these numbers!!</font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">Kind regards,
</font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">Loe Franssen
</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Calibri">Maastricht University student</font></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"></span> </p>
</div>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Digestion mailing list<br>
<br>
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br>
<a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:Digestion@bioenergylists.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:Digestion@bioenergylists.org">Digestion@bioenergylists.org</a><br>
<br>
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web
page<br>
<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>
<br>
for more information about digestion, see<br>
Beginner's Guide to Biogas<br>
<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/</a><br>
and the Biogas Wiki <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://biogas.wikispaces.com/">http://biogas.wikispaces.com/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br>
</div>
</div>
<pre><fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
_______________________________________________
Digestion mailing list
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address
<a rel="nofollow" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" ymailto="mailto:Digestion@bioenergylists.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:Digestion@bioenergylists.org">Digestion@bioenergylists.org</a>
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page
<a rel="nofollow" class="moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/digestion_lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
for more information about digestion, see
Beginner's Guide to Biogas
<a rel="nofollow" class="moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/</a>
and the Biogas Wiki <a rel="nofollow" class="moz-txt-link-freetext" target="_blank" href="http://biogas.wikispaces.com/">http://biogas.wikispaces.com/</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<p align="center">********************************************************************<br>
Dr David Fulford CEnv MEI, 15, Brandon Ave, Woodley, Reading RG5
4PU <br>
<a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:d.j.fulford@btinternet.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:d.j.fulford@btinternet.com">d.j.fulford@btinternet.com</a>,
Tel: +44(0)118 326 9779 Mob: +44(0)7746 806401 <br>
Kingdom Bioenergy Ltd, <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.kingdombio.com">www.kingdombio.com</a>,
<a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:davidf@kindombio.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:davidf@kindombio.com">davidf@kindombio.com</a> </p>
</div>
</div></div><div style="position: fixed; color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; "></div>
</div><br></body></html>