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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>As far as I know, in the EU and especially
Nordic countries where digestate is used as a biofertilizer, regulations only
require pasteurization of abattoir waste? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">South Africa</st1:place></st1:country-region> where we are operating,
sludge management guidelines require pasteurization of sewage sludge.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Pasteurization is generally considered not
necessary if you use a thermophilic high temperature AD process.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Mark <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=3 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org
[mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Alexander Eaton<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> 13 July 2011 10:54 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> For Discussion of Anaerobic
Digestion<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Digestion] pathogens
which might create a health hazard</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Just to add a dimension
to this conversation, are the true risks of pathogens in the digester effluent
so high as to justify pasteurization? I understand that the majority of
the microbiotic activity in effluent to be a positive addition to the soil.
I ask because so many government officials seem to fixate on this point, when I
have not really seen data that shows high enough probability of dangerous
pathogens to justify extreme measures. The smallish risk seems reasonable
for the benefits of a more living organic fertilizers. Obviously the
input material has a lot to do with this aspect, but generally I am interested
to hear responses. <br>
<br>
Cheers<br>
<br>
A <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>On Wed, Jul 13, 2011 at 1:55 PM, Johan Carels <<a
href="mailto:carelsjohan@telenet.be">carelsjohan@telenet.be</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div link=blue vlink=purple>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Dear Johan,</span></font><span
lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Regarding “<font
color="#1f497d"><span style='color:#1F497D'>pathogens which might create a
health hazard. There are reports on pathogens for man, animal, and plant, which
might survive the biogas process. As the input material of any biogas
plant which is not operated on a farm level may contain many different types of
pathogens you may accumulate these germs even if they are in a low number in
the digestate.”</span></font></span></font><span lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:#1F497D'> </span></font><span lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:#1F497D'>Suggest to pasturise ( heating at 70°C during 60 minutes)
all the digestate since you hav e this heat available from the
cogenerater [cooling water, turbocooling, exhaust gase-heat]. This will kill
all pathogens.</span></font><span lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:#1F497D'> </span></font><span lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:#1F497D'>K rgds</span></font><span lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:#1F497D'>Johan Carels</span></font><span lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:#1F497D'><a href="http://www.jcarels.be" target="_blank">www.jcarels.be</a></span></font><span
lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font><span
lang=NL-BE><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><br>
_______________________________________________<br>
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<br>
for more information about digestion, see<br>
Beginner's Guide to Biogas<br>
<a href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/" target="_blank">http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/</a><br>
and the Biogas Wiki <a href="http://biogas.wikispaces.com/" target="_blank">http://biogas.wikispaces.com/</a><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><br>
<br clear=all>
<br>
-- <br>
Alexander Eaton<br>
Sistema Biobolsa<br>
IRRI-Mexico<br>
RedBioLAC<br>
<br>
Mex cel: (55) 11522786<br>
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>
cel: 970 275 4505<br>
<br>
<a href="mailto:alex@irrimexico.org" target="_blank">alex@irrimexico.org</a><br>
<a href="mailto:alex@sistemabiobolsa.com" target="_blank">alex@sistemabiobolsa.com</a><br>
<br>
<a href="http://sistemabiobolsa.com" target="_blank">sistemabiobolsa.com</a><br>
<a href="http://www.irrimexico.org" target="_blank">www.irrimexico.org</a><br>
<a href="http://www.redbiolac.org" target="_blank">www.redbiolac.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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