<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:garamond, new york, times, serif;font-size:18pt"><div><span>Dear Alastair,</span></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 24px; font-family: garamond, 'new york', times, serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><span>What you are saying is true that co-digestion cannot improve the degradation of Lignocellulosic materials, however it has a room of enhancing biogas production through degradation of Fat rich substrates such as Fish waste. Of-course pre-treatment of Lignocellulosic materials is expensive for household or village use in our countries but some how can be minimized by first using Lignocellulosic materials as substrates for mushroom growing and there after use the spent materials after mushroom growing for biogas. I know some people are doing this, though is in lab scale, but data shows some improvement!!!</span></div><div style="color: rgb(0,
0, 0); font-size: 24px; font-family: garamond, 'new york', times, serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal;"><span>Thanks for your comments!!</span></div><div></div><div> </div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000ff"><i>Kassuwi, S.A.A</i></font></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 13px; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">IDARA YA MOLEKULI BAIOLOJIA NA BAIOTEKNOLOJIA (IMBB)</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 13px; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">CHUO KIKUU CHA DAR ES SALAAM </div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 13px; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">MWALIMU J. K. NYERERE KAMPASI </div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 13px; background-color: transparent;
font-style: italic; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">Box 35179</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 13px; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">DAR ES SALAAM,</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 13px; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">TANZANIA</div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-size: 13px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic;" class="yui_3_2_0_3_132671889975749"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><br></span></div><div><br></div> <div style="font-family: garamond, 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 18pt;"> <div style="font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <div dir="ltr"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <hr size="1"> <b><span
style="font-weight:bold;">From:</span></b> Alastair James Ward <Alastair.Ward@agrsci.dk><br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> 'Shaaban Kassuwi' <yaaser67@yahoo.co.uk>; "digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org" <digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org> <br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Friday, 16 November 2012, 11:21<br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Subject:</span></b> RE: [Digestion] Dung burning vs Anaerobic digestion<br> </font> </div> <br><div id="yiv1347983213">
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D;">Dear Kassuwi,</span></div>
<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D;">I usually find cattle manure has a quite acceptable C:N ratio of about 19, but is still useful to co-digest with a high N substrate such as the
fish wastes which are difficult to digest as a mono substrate. I am successfully doing this in partnership with Bioforsk of Norway but there is certainly a risk of inhibition if the mixture is wrong. The addition of fish wastes or similar can drastically increase
the volume of biogas produced, but I do not think it has much effect on the degradation of lignocellulosic materials. This problem is better tackled through pre-treatment processes, of which there are many with varying degrees of effect on different substrates.
The large amount of information regarding pre-treatment of lignocellulosics is mostly because of the interest in second generation bioethanol rather than biogas, but the treatment processes can often be used for either. On the other hand, pre-treatment usually
requires expensive equipment and energy input and so is generally not suitable for the small scale digesters in developing countries which are often discussed on this list.</span></div>
<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D;"> </span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;">Med venlig hilsen</span><span style="color:#1F497D;">
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;">Alastair James Ward</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;"><br>
Post doc.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D;"></span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;">Inst. for Ingeniørvidenskab<br>
</span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;">Aarhus Universitet<br>
Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50<br>
8830 Tjele</span><span style="color:#1F497D;"></span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;">Tlf.: 8715 7645<br>
Mobil: 4112 2494<br>
Email: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;color:#003366;">Alastair.Ward@agrsci.dk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D;"></span></div>
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Tlf.: 8715 6000<br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;"><a rel="nofollow" href=""><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;text-decoration:none;">www.agrsci.au.dk</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1F497D;"></span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;"> Digestion [mailto:digestion-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Shaaban Kassuwi<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 16. november 2012 06:14<br>
<b>To:</b> digestion@lists.bioenergylists.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Digestion] Dung burning vs Anaerobic digestion</span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;color:black;">Dear Members of Digestion group,</span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;color:black;">The arguments that Cow dung produces low biogas when used in Anaerobic digestion it is the fact which is well known, and the reason has been attributted to high content
of Lignin materials which are difficult to be digested by microbes. However, a number of research has been going on to enhance biogas production from cow dung. One of the technique which seems to be promising is the Co-digestion with another substrate with
for example high Nitrogen contents, as we know Cow dung is rich in Carbon, so when is digested with eg Fish waste which is rich in N in form of Protein could raise the C:N ratio and improve biogas production. To do this one however needs to establish exact
amount of substrate to be co-digested to avoid the problem of Ammonification and Long Chain Fat Acid (LCFA) caused by Protein and Fat Rich substrates. So I would suggest people to start co-digesting and will see improvement to their digestors</span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;color:black;">Kassuwi</span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal" style="background:white;"><i><span style="font-size:18.0pt;color:blue;">Kassuwi, S.A.A</span></i><span style="font-size:18.0pt;color:black;"></span></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue;">IDARA YA MOLEKULI BAIOLOJIA NA BAIOTEKNOLOJIA (IMBB)</span></i></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue;">CHUO KIKUU CHA DAR ES SALAAM </span></i></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue;">MWALIMU J. K. NYERERE KAMPASI </span></i></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue;">Box 35179</span></i></div>
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<div class="yiv1347983213MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue;">DAR ES SALAAM,</span></i></div>
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