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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>All,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Valve timing gains are most realised
with high rpm engines. to make the discussion short and sweet, great
gains in volumetric effieciency can be reachieved for a naturally aspirated
engine with proper valve timing"overlap" at specific target rpms. If set up
properly the exhaust valve remains open well after the intake valve begins
opening while passing tdc. this will allow some pre filling of intake air
before the piston even starts going down, as the inertia of the exiting exhaust
gas leaves a "hollow" or a momentary low pressure behind its exit. to
realise the hollows energy the intake valve is opened premature, thus
overlap. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>the number of degrees overlap, the shape of the cam
ramps, and which side of tdc the center of overlap is, and how far are all
factors that affect the end result. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2> this is a narrow window to reuse some of the
engines inherently lost energy of chugging along, but if you get it right, your
dyno resuslts will show the increased volumetric efficiency with power gains in
a select band of rpms.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>the down side of the overlap is that to really
realise this feature the engine will not enjoy low rpms whatsoever, and will
Idle like a disturbed bowl of jellow if at all. boosted intake engines
will see gains from this as well just less pronounced.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Luke</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=mark@ludlow.com href="mailto:mark@ludlow.com">Mark Ludlow</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org">'Discussion of biomass
pyrolysis and gasification'</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, February 28, 2011 10:43
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Gasification] Benefits of
boosting compression ratiowith producer gas</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Geoff,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Of course you are
right, but compression ratio is an artifact of geometry alone, whereas actual
compression is affected by piston blow-by, valve/seat condition and intake
valve open duration, since the intake valve cannot close precisely (suddenly)
at the bottom of the intake stroke. An intake valve can remain partially open
for, say, 60-degrees past bottom dead-center (BDC). This has some effect on
the volumetric efficiency, and consequently the pressure in the engine at TDC
(ignoring the fact that combustion ignition precedes TDC). So compression
ratio is not exactly proportional to actual combustion chamber pressures at
TDC.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">The effect of
higher absolute manifold pressures on the amount of mass to be combusted can
be estimated by the Ideal Gas Law, pV=<I>n</I>RT. I say estimated, because it
is impossible to assume adiabatic compression. But observe that the equation
is linear in all variables. This was implied earlier by Daniel Chisholm’s
excellent Rule of Thumb. Go to Wikipedia for a good explanation of the Ideal
Gas Law.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Best,
Mark<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV
style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">
gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org
[mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <B>On Behalf Of
</B>GF<BR><B>Sent:</B> Monday, February 28, 2011 9:14 PM<BR><B>To:</B>
gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Gasification]
Benefits of boosting compression ratio with producer
gas<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><o:p> </o:p></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Mark
,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Now
you have me confused on this subject. I thought the compression ratio of an
ICE, was decided by the BDC cylinder volume divided by the TDC
cylinder volume. The rate at which a gas mixture is induced into this
swept volume per cycle is dependant upon the inlet pressure.
So raising this pressure will raise the amount of gas
mixture entering the engine per cycle?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">The
effect of compressing a larger quantity of gas in this defined space
raises the temperature adiabatically to a point where "compression
Ignition" will occur if an explosive gas mixture is being
compressed?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">I
have always pondered on the idea of reducing the amount of nitrogen in the
mixture to raise the output of the ICE. What about laughing
gas?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">GF<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><BR> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">-----Original
Message-----<BR>From: Mark E Ludlow <mark@ludlow.com><BR>To: 'Discussion
of biomass pyrolysis and gasification'
<gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org><BR>Sent: Sun, Feb 27, 2011 7:45
pm<BR>Subject: Re: [Gasification] Benefits of boosting compression ratio with
producer gas<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV id=AOLMsgPart_3_69a6805f-0868-4bad-8a4d-c391535f4d97>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Hi
Toby,</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">There
is no difference, really, between pressure and vacuum. If we just start to
think of anything that has no pressure at all as Zero Pressure; normal
Atmospheric Pressure as 14.69 PSIA (PSI absolute) and so forth, then we
won’t get into trouble. Pump sizing always considers the Absolute Pressure
(e.g. PSIA) at the inlet and outlet, not the Gauge pressure (e.g. PSIG). A
third concept is Differential Pressure (e.g. PSID). A pump increases the
pressure (measured across the Inlet and Discharge Ports) as a differential
pressure gain, more-or-less irrespective of the Absolute Pressure environment
that it operates in.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">There
is really no such thing as “Vacuum” conveying. This only refers to the fact
the transport network operates at or below the ambient pressure and is
operated this way to help reduce fugitive losses of transported materials. A
vacuum cannot move anything; it is the force of pressurized gas behind the
transported material that provides the propulsive energy. In the case of a
conveying system connected to a positive-displacement “vacuum” blower, the
force is a maximum of 14.69 PSI, enough to “lift” a water column 33.9 feet,
hardly any stretch at all for a pump, though the work done will be the same
regardless of the method used.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">When
someone says: “Gravity doesn’t exist; the world sucks!”, this is a very
special case of the above that awaits the practical manipulation of
anti-gravity.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Best,
Mark</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'"> <A
href="mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org"><U><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue">gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</SPAN></U></A>
[<A href="mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org?"><U><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue">mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</SPAN></U></A>]
<B>On Behalf Of </B>Toby Seiler<BR><B>Sent:</B> Sunday, February 27, 2011 3:42
PM<BR><B>To:</B> <A
href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org"><U><SPAN
style="COLOR: blue">gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org</SPAN></U></A><BR><B>Subject:</B>
[Gasification] Benefits of boosting compression ratio with producer
gas</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; WIDTH: 6.5in"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=624 border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
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<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">Sorry Tom, I didn't ask the
question correctly (or I may be off in left field). This comes
from some time spent in a place called Flow Dynamics Laboratory where
inlet design of blowers was being tested. My application was
sawdust material moving. Dan, the owner, explained how pressure
was much more effective than vacuum for moving mass. He explained
that drag in a vacuum is hard to overcome, while pressure fills the
space with molecules and can push materials great distances.
<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">When talking engines, for
example on my 74 Ford f600, I watch the vacuum gage and see that it is
around 18-22" of vacuum, warmed up 1200 rpm or so (driving hydraulic
pump). So what goes to the cylinders is not atmospheric pressure,
it is around half, perhaps less. <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">I'm trying to understand how
engine efficiency is related to both air and gas pressure and
density. If producer gas is operating with 18/1 in a normally
aspirated engine, due to high octane, how will the ratio be affected if
one has positive pressure at one or two pounds?
<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">Seemingly this would involve
air flow across an orifice, similar to a butterfly valve (throttle), but
I am at a loss for a good start point.
<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">Given a large quantity of air
and gas to make comparable power (not large derated), the flow
of air/gas in a large displacement engine would seem to be a much
more critical factor than just saying the cylinder is seeing atmosphere
pressure and forgetting the drag that manifolds, throttle valves
and pulling gas from a gasifier creates (in a suction system). I
can hardly see a direct linear
relationship. <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">My work is a
low pressure system, so this is not an academic or theoretical
discussion that I will never act on and I'm at a point of
determining engine for a CHP and what internal modifications
to plan, if any. I have several engines, a 345
International, a 460 Ford, a Cumins 5.7 (with needed repair), a 7.3
International (in a ford truck also needing repair).
<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">Sorry if this is confusing or
not cogent. I'm trying.<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">Toby<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt">seilertechco <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 4pt"> <o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 4.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"> </SPAN><SPAN
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<DIV id=AOLMsgPart_4_69a6805f-0868-4bad-8a4d-c391535f4d97><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Gasification mailing list<o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black">to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><A href="mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org"><U><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">Gasification@bioenergylists.org</SPAN></U></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black">to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><A href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org" target=_blank><U><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org</SPAN></U></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black">for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE><PRE style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><TT><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><A href="http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/" target=_blank><U><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/</SPAN></U></A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></TT></PRE></DIV></DIV></DIV>
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