<html><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><div>Dear Tom Miles and all</div><div><br></div><div>Orange and lemon peels contain limonene, and according to Wiki,</div><div><br></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Limonene</b> is a colourless liquid <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hydrocarbon</a> classified as a cyclic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">terpene</a>. The more common D isomer posesses a strong smell of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">oranges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_0-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonene#cite_note-Ullmann-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> It is used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvone" title="Carvone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">carvone</a> and as a renewably-based solvent in cleaning products.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Limonene takes its name from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">lemon</a>, as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">rind</a> of the lemon, like other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citrus</a> fruits, contains considerable amounts of this compound, which contributes to their odor. Limonene is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">chiral</a> molecule, and biological sources produce one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">enantiomer</a>: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains D-limonene ((+)-limonene), which is the (<i>R</i>)-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">enantiomer</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_registry_number" title="CAS registry number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">CAS number</a> 5989-27-5, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EINECS_number" title="EINECS number" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">EINECS number</a> <a href="tel:227-813-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">227-813-5</a>). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemic" title="Racemic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Racemic</a>limonene is known as dipentene.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonene#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> D-Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">$@$@$@$@</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">I once met a man who had many barrels of limonene and wondered what to do with it. He sent me 5 gallons for testing and I ran my lawnmower engine with it, no problem. (Probably cleaned any varnish that might have accumulated.).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">I believe it may be as high as 120 octane, and so could be used as an octane enhancer. </p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">I believe if you squeeze most of the limonene out of the rind, the pulp is good cattle food. </p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">So limonene can have many uses depending on price.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tom Reed fuel chemist</p></span><div><br></div><div><br><br>Dr Thomas B Reed<div>President, The Biomass Energy Foundation</div><div><a href="http://www.Woodgas.com">www.Woodgas.com</a></div></div><div><br>On Jun 23, 2011, at 9:47 AM, "Tom Miles" <<a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com">tmiles@trmiles.com</a>> wrote:<br><br></div><div></div><blockquote type="cite"><div><div class="WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal">I've had an inquiry from Southern Africa about orange peels. Does anyone have experience carbonizing or gasifying orange peels? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Do the burn in a TLUD? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Do they make gas in an ARTI style compact digester?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Can you char them? ( If you can char an apple or a pizza I guess you can char an orange.) <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br>Tom Miles<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><div><span>_______________________________________________</span><br><span>Gasification mailing list</span><br><span></span><br><span>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address</span><br><span><a href="mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org">Gasification@bioenergylists.org</a></span><br><span></span><br><span>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page</span><br><span><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org</a></span><br><span></span><br><span>for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site:</span><br><span><a href="http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/">http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/</a></span><br></div></blockquote></body></html>