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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tom,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>As the volatiles evolve through the char and burn at the surface of the fuel particle isn't it likely that the surface of the char sees at least 750C from flaming combustion and up to 1350 C if some of the charcoal burns? The internal temperature would be owner of course. The result should be a slightly oxidative char. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Thanks<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tom <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org [mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Thomas Reed<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, December 22, 2011 2:17 PM<br><b>To:</b> Tom Reed; Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification; STOVES; Chuck Stevenson<br><b>Subject:</b> [Gasification] Weight, power and temperature Tests<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-style-span>Dear Gasers and Stovers</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-style-span>Someone asked recently how hot the TLUD stoves got during operation. I made a number of tests below on gasifying several fuels. The highest temperature I measured during the pyrolysis operation with the Cen-Tech IR pyrometers was 190 C. However, when the yellow flame disappeared and charcoal was gasifying the temperature rose to 350C. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-style-span>MESQUITE, LIGNIN, AND PINE TLUD PYROLYSIS</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>THE FOLLOWING FUELS WERE BURNED IN A 4" D X 6" TALL TLUD STOVE AND THE WEIGHT CHANGE RECORDED. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><img width=320 height=240 id="_x0032_60BF7C0-3250-4B47-9619-6148143ECF69" src="cid:image001.jpg@01CCC0B5.96AC7580" alt=image.jpeg><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><img width=240 height=320 id=A33C1643-1173-4D89-BDB8-D1D5E8F6EAE9 src="cid:image003.jpg@01CCC0B5.96AC7580" alt=image.jpeg><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Note: The tests were done on a scale weighing to 1/2 g and time recorded every minute. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-style-span>Dry wood typically has an energy content of 21 kJ/g. However in the TLUD stove only the cellulose contributes is vaporized, approximately 16 kJ/g of weight loss, while the lignin is carbonized to charcoal. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-style-span>MESQUITE</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Mesquite is said to have a very high lignin content, compared to other woods, 64%!</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>If lignin is the precursor of charcoal, mesquite should give a very high yield of charcoal.</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>152 g of mesquite chips were placed in the Wanderer stove and ignited with the propane torch.</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Time. Weight. DW (weight change)</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>0. 152</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>1. 141. 11 Mesquite Chunks too big, requires lots of ignition with propane torch</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>2. 135. 14</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>3. 128. 7</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>4. 121. 7</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>5. 110. 11</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>6. 98. 12</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>7. 86. . 12. Highest Temperature with Cen-Tech IR pyrometers 190 C. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>8. 72. 14 </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>9. 60. 12</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>10. 46. 14</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>11. 34.5. 11.5</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>12. 21. 13.5</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>13. 9. 12. End of yellow flame, put charcoal in can and weighed</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Yield: 38 g ==> 38/152= 25.0%</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>COMMENT - this is a High charcoal yield, but not enormous. The pine chunks below yielded 15% charcoal. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><><><><></span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Same experiment with lignin chunks from a brown forest lignin log broken up by hand. Incredibly light. Probably the first time anyone ever gasified pure lignin - and maybe the last. It is a very low density fuel, since all the cellulose was eaten by microorganisms.</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Time wt. dW</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>0. 54</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>1. 47. 7</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>2. 40. 7</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>3. 32.5. 7.5 Some soot in flame</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>4. 27.5. 5</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>4.5. 26. 1.5 Yellow out</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Yield 6.5 g, 12%. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>I have long believed that it is the lignin that is the precursor to charcoal.</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>This experiment suggeststhis is probably not true.</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><><><><></span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Pine block - Wanderer</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>3/4 sq x1" pine blocks</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>0. 96.5. dW</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>1. 89. 7.5 </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>2. 85. 4.0</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>3. 80.5. 4.5</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>4. 76 4.5. Can maximum temperature 190C. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>5. 71. 5</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>6. 65. 6</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>7. 57. 8</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>8. 51.5. 5.5</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>9. 46. 6.5</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>10. 39. 7 Flame low</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>11. 31.5. 7.5 Flame much higher, end effect</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>12. 22. 9.5 big fire</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>13. 13. 9 All block surfaces on fire, but centers still outgasing</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>14. 5.5. 7.5 Can temp 350 with Cen-Tech IR pyrometers</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>15 g charcoal = 15.5%</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Note: dry wood has a typical heat of combustion of 21 kJ/g, so complete combustion would generate (21000/60) 350 Watts/Gm-min. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>However in the TLUD this is reduced to maybe 16 kJ/Gm-min or 270 Watts/g-min, because mostly cellulose and water are volatilized and the remaining charcoal generates 26 kJ/g, or 433 W/g-min. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>So a burn rate of 12 g/min would yield a (270 X 12) 3.2 kW flame. </span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span class=apple-style-span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Fuel bed 4"D x 3" deep</span></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'>I hope this information is useful, but needs digesting.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:18.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Noteworthy","serif"'>Tom Reed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div></div></div></body></html>