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<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT size=2><STRONG>Hi KT,</STRONG></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><FONT size=2></FONT><FONT size=2></FONT><STRONG><FONT
size=2></FONT></STRONG></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial><STRONG><FONT size=2>You ask some interesting
questions:</FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV></FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2> <BR>> What is difference between coke
and char?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><STRONG>I believe the problem of identification
caused by the English language. Coke is made in a retort from coal, and char is
made in a retort from biomass.</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2> Coke from coal and char from biomass?
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><STRONG>Others will give you a more academic
answer.</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>And what's about soot?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><STRONG>I have only worked with soot made in high
temperature gasification systems 12-1500>C, and
these were studied in 1978 here in New Zealand by Dr J.
Cousins. I wrote about these soot in 2008 for our Fluidyne Archive <A
href="http://www.fluidynenz.250x.com">www.fluidynenz.250x.com</A> Scroll
down the file list and you will find it 14 from the top.</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT></STRONG> </DIV><FONT
face=Arial size=2>
<DIV>> According to Franklin's research in 1950s, she mentioned that while
the cokes could be graphitized by heat treatments above about 2200 deg-C, the
chars could not be transformed into crystalline graphite, even at 3000
deg-C.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>If I offer a comment it will be conjecture, because the current
work being done on our soot and chars is new research, and not published at
this time. Having said that, it was these comments that opened up the
research, so may offer you a clue to follow your interest.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>The soot of interest to me are those that form from volatiles in
the unstable chemistry of the sealed retort, which then pass down through the
upper boundary reduction zone, </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>then the high temperature oxidation, before passing through the
reduction at 12-1500C. These are probably those seen in Dr Cousins photos. The
remaining char has none of these original volatile carbons present, so no amount
of heating will create a crystalline graphite. </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Others can provide a qualified answer about coke from
coal.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>I have a couple of photos that I used for the presentation of
the "Enigma of Gasification" at the Workshop following the IEA Gasification
Task Force Meeting in Christchurch in April 2011, that show one of these
soot (C57 O ) for the first time. I will try to get these up on the
Fluidyne Archive as soon as possible, and advise accordingly</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Hope this may help.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Doug Williams,</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Fluidyne Gasification.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
<DIV><STRONG></STRONG> </DIV>
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