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    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Geoff, good to see your comment.  <br>
      <br>
      I worked out of Singapore for 5 years and even built a 150 tpd
      composting plant there at the Sarimbun Recycling Park at Kranji,
      using green waste.    Never encountered rapid assimilation like
      you quote.  As the saying goes, "it's news to me!", but I also
      admit that I never paid particular attention to the consumption
      rate, but it was never mentioned but then again rapid assimilation
      might have been seen as normal by the locals and not worthy of
      comment.    I wonder if it relates back to the nature of the
      compost ?   <br>
      <br>
      Our product had a C:N ratio of around 20 and was pretty stable,
      but the bacterial count was quite high.    Our (live in) workers
      had their own garden beds in which they grew their vegies and I'm
      sure they weren't continually replacing the compost.   At the time
      I was there Biochar was virtually unknown so I have no experience
      of how it performs in the tropics.<br>
      <br>
      Thanks for the info. - I'll see what I can find out.<br>
      <br>
      DJM.<br>
      <br>
      On 09/12/2013 9:55 AM, Geoff Thomas wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
      cite="mid:0B7C1865-2979-43E2-B54D-311E69C17DC4@iig.com.au"
      type="cite">
      <div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom:
        0px; margin-left: 0px; "><span style="font-family: Helvetica;
          font-size: medium; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); "><b>Subject: </b></span><span
          style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium; "><b>Biochar
            versus Organic Material/ compost</b><br>
        </span></div>
      <br>
      <br>
      Hi David, your general comments much appreciated, but one point I
      would like to argue, - sequestering carbon by putting organic
      material in the ground is fine in the cooler latitudes, it will
      stay there quite a long time, but in the tropics, no way, - it is
      gone in months, weeks in some cases.<br>
      Wood chips take longer, but even they are gone in less than a
      year, and a garden bed in which you put heaps of compost, whilst
      anything will grow like mad, needs re-composting only months
      later, - whether you grow anything or not.<br>
      In the Tropics, everything happens much faster, so Biochar seems
      the better option.<br>
      <br>
      Cheers,<br>
      Geoff Thomas
      <div> <br>
        <div>
          <div>On 09/12/2013, at 5:00 AM, <a moz-do-not-send="true"
              href="mailto:gasification-request@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification-request@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
            wrote:</div>
          <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
          <blockquote type="cite">
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              <br>
              Today's Topics:<br>
              <br>
                1. Re: [Gasification]<span class="Apple-tab-span"
                style="white-space:pre"> </span>Small<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>steam<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>systems<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>plus<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>gasifiers<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>for<br>
                   electricity (Jeff Davis)<br>
                2. Re: Biochar et al. (Joe Barnas)<br>
                3. Re: Biochar et al. (David Murphy)<br>
                4. Re: Biochar et al. (David Murphy)<br>
              <br>
              <br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
              <br>
              Message: 1<br>
              Date: Sat, 07 Dec 2013 15:15:07 -0500<br>
              From: Jeff Davis <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:jeffdavis0124@gmail.com"><jeffdavis0124@gmail.com></a><br>
              To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification<br>
              <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org"><gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org></a><br>
              Subject: Re: [Gasification]<span class="Apple-tab-span"
                style="white-space:pre"> </span>Small<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>steam<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>systems<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>plus<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>gasifiers<span
                class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>for<br>
              <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>electricity<br>
              Message-ID: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:52A381CB.1070207@gmail.com"><52A381CB.1070207@gmail.com></a><br>
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              <br>
              Tom,<br>
              <br>
              <br>
              I never had any luck carbonizing grass/weeds with the
              grass-a-fire. One <br>
              would rat hole and the other needed denser charcoal bed.
              But Roger <br>
              Sampson rice husk method showed hope.<br>
              <br>
              Working full time makes it unreliable to harvest dry
              grass/weeds late in <br>
              the season at least for this bag of old achy bones. In
              other words it's <br>
              not an easy fuel for a peasant. The baler went to the sale
              a bit ago and <br>
              the mower and rake goes this spring. But I now have an old
              and almost <br>
              functioning flail harvester that should work for compost
              production.<br>
              <br>
              I hope to start phasing out grasses with Staghorn Sumac a
              much more <br>
              usable fuel.<br>
              <br>
              <br>
              Jeff<br>
              <br>
              <br>
              <br>
              On 12/02/2013 11:39 PM, Tom Miles wrote:<br>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Jeff,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">We find that biochar from a
                downdraft gasifier composted 15% v/v with <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">alfalfa and wood chips makes a
                very nice compost. We have used it as a <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">substitute for a
                vermiculite-peat-bark blend. Tree seedling response <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">is generally good. Some species
                are pH sensitive and the alfalfa <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">pushes the compost pH up so
                adjustments need to be made. In Japan Dr. <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Ogawa rinses high pH grass
                (bamboo) chars to reduce soluble alkali <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">before application to the tree
                root zone.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Biochar-peat and biochar--coco
                peat blends work well.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">So if you have a gasifier in a
                location where there is no market for <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">power you can make heat for
                greenhouses and a char byproduct that you <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">can compost for use in the
                greenhouse. We estimate that the combined <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">savings from the heat (propane)
                and soil amendments for a 10 MMBtuh (3 <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">MW) system are about $350,000 per
                year.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">David Yarrow likes chars from
                grasses. You can make char in your <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">grass-a-fire.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Tom<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <br>
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              ------------------------------<br>
              <br>
              Message: 2<br>
              Date: Sat, 7 Dec 2013 17:33:51 -0800<br>
              From: Joe Barnas <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:joe.barnas333@gmail.com"><joe.barnas333@gmail.com></a><br>
              To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification<br>
              <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org"><gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org></a><br>
              Subject: Re: [Gasification] Biochar et al.<br>
              Message-ID:<br>
              <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:CANweOnyYUHiVhye-g3G2XaXc5EGaVp6oQ_KyJXpCmfVJoMrhsw@mail.gmail.com"><CANweOnyYUHiVhye-g3G2XaXc5EGaVp6oQ_KyJXpCmfVJoMrhsw@mail.gmail.com></a><br>
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              <br>
              DAVID,<br>
              <br>
              Thankyou for the insightful overview of biochar and
              comparative<br>
              functionality of Zeolite, of which I was not familiar.<br>
              <br>
              However one thing I am focused on is how to address
              catastrophic global<br>
              climate change and for that having billions of gardeners
              sequestering<br>
              carbon, while building healthy soil and hence healthy food
              is not something<br>
              that Zeolite can provide.  It is another tool in growing
              food, yes, but<br>
              let's not lose sight of the long term benefit of promoting
              biochar.  I<br>
              might even try mixing some with biochar just to gain the N
              adsorption<br>
              benefits.<br>
              <br>
              <br>
              On Fri, Dec 6, 2013 at 2:00 PM, David Murphy
              <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au"><djfmurphy@dodo.com.au></a> wrote:<br>
              <br>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Greetings Biochar/Gasifier people
                !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Everybody & his dog seems to
                have something to say about<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">charcoal/biochar/biochar-compost
                mix and so on.    Well, here?s another<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">dog to bark his piece !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Biochar is often seen as the great
                agricultural panacea, but *it is not*.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Biochar is a name given to plain
                ordinary charcoal to indicate that it is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">destined for use in soil
                improvement, but basically it is still plain<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">ordinary charcoal, just crushed
                into smaller particles.  In some<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">circumstances it is a very
                beneficial tool but it is not magical as some<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">proponents seem to think.   Just
                remember, all charcoal has a bio-origin -<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">wood.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">In some Ag. trials in Australia it
                significantly improved crop volume<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">(treble in one case) but in other
                instances, nothing worth writing home<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">about.  It depends on what the
                soil is like to start with.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Charcoal is stable.  That means it
                does not take part in any composting<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">system (which is one primarily of
                bacterial digestion) and it is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">indigestible so that when offered
                as a dietary supplement (in poultry food<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">for example) it passes through the
                digestive system physically unchanged<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">but will adsorb a high proportion
                of the gases and some toxins produced in<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">the process of digestion, because
                that is what charcoal does.    For this<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">reason, it's adsorption
                capability, poultry will generally do better on a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">little charcoal.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Quite a few pages could be filled
                on the beneficial services provided by<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">charcoal as it travels through the
                digestive system, but it does it as<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">charcoal only and as nothing else.
                  By all means use a little in the feed,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">you can only benefit.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">The only physical way to change
                the nature of charcoal is to burn it.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">That is why it lasts in soil (or
                wherever it is) for thousands of years.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">It has an incredibly high surface
                area of 360 m2 (varies) and is a mass<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">of minute tunnels which in turn
                means a very high volume and gases become<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">trapped in these tunnels.  It does
                not *ab*sorb, it *ad*sorbs and traps<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">only.  The difference between
                absorb and adsorb is the same as the<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">difference in liquids of
                suspension and solution.  Clay particles will be<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">in suspension, sugar and salt go
                into solution.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Charcoal is useful in an aerobic
                composting system because again of the<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">entrapment of air in the tunnels.
                  A composting system goes well if<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">there is enough oxygen bearing air
                available to the bacteria which are a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">significant part of the system.
                  The more air, the higher the population<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">of bacteria (other factors being
                OK).    The charcoal itself is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">inoperative, and doesn?t change,
                nor is it a catalyst, it simply provides a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">service.   It will only provide a
                haven for soil benevolent bacteria if<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">there is something trapped in the
                tunnels which the bacteria can eat.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Charcoal is a good adsorber of gas
                and liquid simply because that is what<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">it does.   Zeolite on the other
                hand, can have an even higher surface are<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">per gram and has a propensity to
                entrap gases, most particularly nitrogen<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">in it?s various forms ? as gas ?
                ammonium for example ? and in liquids as a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">salt of NO3 .   It actually draws
                them in (like a magnet attracts ferric<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">objects) where charcoal just takes
                it as it comes.    It is easy to see<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">also why charcoal is so effective
                as a filter, but if you have a solution<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">rich in nitrogen, run it through
                Zeolite and the N will be removed.  Add<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">some to the litter in poultry
                grower sheds, there will be fewer<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">mortalities because the ammonia
                which sometimes will asphixiate small birds<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">will be absorbed.    Zeolite will
                take N out of solution, charcoal will<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">not.    There's 40 natural forms
                of Zeolite and more than another 150 can<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">be synthesised, so choose
                carefully for the one most appropriate to your<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">problem.    Zeolite can perform an
                amazing range of actions.    Once used<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">and applied as fertiliser, Zeolite
                subsequently will release the N slowly<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">and remain in the soil as a
                balancer of N.  Too much, it will take it in<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">(so that the soil pH is not
                lowered) and release it as required.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Charcoal?s great stuff though,
                it's easy to make and holds answers to a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">lot of problems - but not all !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">David Murphy.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">_______________________________________________<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Gasification mailing list<br>
              </blockquote>
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              </blockquote>
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                the email address<br>
              </blockquote>
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              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
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                Settings use the web page<br>
              </blockquote>
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              <blockquote type="cite"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">for more Gasifiers,  News and
                Information see our web site:<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/">http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/</a><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <br>
              <br>
              -- <br>
              Joe Barnas<br>
              Portland, OR<br>
              541-525-1665<br>
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              <br>
              Message: 3<br>
              Date: Sun, 08 Dec 2013 15:15:13 +1100<br>
              From: David Murphy <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au"><djfmurphy@dodo.com.au></a><br>
              To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification<br>
              <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org"><gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org></a><br>
              Subject: Re: [Gasification] Biochar et al.<br>
              Message-ID: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:52A3F251.2080701@dodo.com.au"><52A3F251.2080701@dodo.com.au></a><br>
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              Format="flowed"<br>
              <br>
              Joe, you might find it of interest to look up John <br>
              D. Hamaker on the net.  He was an American <br>
              Mechanical Engineer who turned his mind (and <br>
              subsequently devoted his life) to improving soil <br>
              by the addition of rock dust.    He saw global <br>
              warming as a precursor to the next ice age.  He <br>
              saw an ice age as essential refurbishment of the <br>
              earth's resources.     His argument has a lot of <br>
              good solid logioc to it and it's worth adding to <br>
              your store of knowledge on the general topic.     <br>
              If he's proven right, then we're in a lot of <br>
              trouble !    If you want to study it further I <br>
              have a DVD I made from a tape he produced I could <br>
              let you have.<br>
              <br>
              Rock dust is a storehouse of minerals, all of <br>
              which are essential to growth.    First to plants <br>
              and then to the animals which eat them - including <br>
              us humans.   Rock dust is insoluble to water but <br>
              not to enzymes which are produced by soil <br>
              benevolent bacteria - bacteria which are present <br>
              in soil with good OM and in compost.     Many <br>
              readers of this string will be aware of it's <br>
              benefits when used as fertiliser.<br>
              <br>
              Seeking to remedy climate change purported to be <br>
              caused by anthropomorphic global warming is an <br>
              extraordinarily complex question.   And seeking to <br>
              make a contribution by sequestering carbon as <br>
              charcoal is in itself another complex range of <br>
              issues.     The charcoal must be first ligneos <br>
              carbon - wood - and it is probably almost as good <br>
              to lock up some of that carbon in timber for <br>
              building houses or making furniture.<br>
              <br>
              I'd promote the first step by making the <br>
              sequestration of the carbon as part of a broader <br>
              program of building building soil organic matter <br>
              OM.   This includes animate carbon as well as <br>
              vegetative.     At least get it up to 5% to plough <br>
              depth, say 10 inches (250mm) as a minimum, aiming <br>
              at 20%.   That in itself locks away a lot of <br>
              carbon, but of a different nature, in that it's <br>
              available to contribute to plant growth, growth <br>
              without the need for chemical or artificial <br>
              fertilisers.<br>
              <br>
              Every 1% increase in soil OM (world wide) would be <br>
              a lockup of around 30 billion tonnes of carbon in  <br>
              a world which generates now (probably) 20 million <br>
              tonnes annually.    Just for the record, the <br>
              biggest emitter of CO2, bigger than every other <br>
              agency combined - every factory, airplane, car <br>
              truck tractor etc and so on - is the soil of the <br>
              earth as it respires.    So, the more land we put <br>
              down under crop to feed the increasing billions, <br>
              the more CO2 we produce and put into the atmosphere.<br>
              <br>
              So, it's a race against a proven runner - so <br>
              called mother Nature - and she's a proven stayer.<br>
              <br>
              On the other hand, some of the wise owls are now <br>
              saying it's not CO2 at all, but PCB's causing the <br>
              damage.   Maybe they're right - who knows _for <br>
              sure ?_    Nobody I'm aware of despite what they <br>
              say.    It's all conjecture, some of it soundly <br>
              based, but still conjecture relying on historical <br>
              info compiled over a geological blink.<br>
              <br>
              Using charcoal and zeolite together is a bit like <br>
              wearing belt & braces with self-supporting <br>
              trousers.     It certainly works !<br>
              <br>
              The easy and less costly way is to just get the OM <br>
              into the soil and plant stuff to grow and suck up <br>
              all the CO2 and N.<br>
              <br>
              But whatever you do, don't stop the good work.<br>
              <br>
              David Murphy.<br>
              <br>
              On 08/12/2013 12:33 PM, Joe Barnas wrote:<br>
              <blockquote type="cite">DAVID,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Thankyou for the insightful
                overview of biochar <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">and comparative functionality of
                Zeolite, of <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">which I was not familiar.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">However one thing I am focused on
                is how to <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">address catastrophic global
                climate change and <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">for that having billions of
                gardeners <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">sequestering carbon, while
                building healthy soil <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">and hence healthy food is not
                something that <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Zeolite can provide.  It is
                another tool in <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">growing food, yes, but let's not
                lose sight of <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">the long term benefit of promoting
                biochar.  I <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">might even try mixing some with
                biochar just to <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">gain the N adsorption benefits.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">On Fri, Dec 6, 2013 at 2:00 PM,
                David Murphy <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au">djfmurphy@dodo.com.au</a> <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au"><mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au></a>>
                wrote:<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Greetings Biochar/Gasifier
                people !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Everybody & his dog seems
                to have something<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    to say about<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                   charcoal/biochar/biochar-compost mix and so<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    on.Well, here's another dog to
                bark his piece !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Biochar is often seen as the
                great<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    agricultural panacea, but _it
                is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    not_.Biochar is a name given
                to plain<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    ordinary charcoal to indicate
                that it is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    destined for use in soil
                improvement, but<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    basically it is still plain
                ordinary<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    charcoal, just crushed into
                smaller<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    particles. In some
                circumstances it is a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    very beneficial tool but it is
                not magical<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    as some proponents seem to
                think. Just<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    remember, all charcoal has a
                bio-origin - wood.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    In some Ag. trials in
                Australiait<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    significantly improved crop
                volume (treble<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    in one case) but in other
                instances, nothing<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    worth writing home about.It
                depends on what<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    the soil is like to start
                with.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal is stable.That means
                it does not<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    take part in any composting
                system (which is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    one primarily of bacterial
                digestion) and it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    is indigestible so that when
                offered as a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    dietary supplement (in poultry
                food for<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    example) it passes through the
                digestive<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    system physically unchanged
                but will adsorb<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    a high proportion of the gases
                and some<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    toxins produced in the process
                of digestion,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    because that is what charcoal
                does. For this<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    reason, it's adsorption
                capability, poultry<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    will generally do better on a
                little charcoal.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Quite a few pages could be
                filled on the<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    beneficial services provided
                by charcoal as<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    it travels through the
                digestive system, but<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    it does it as charcoal only
                and as nothing<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    else.   By all means use a
                little in the<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    feed, you can only benefit.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    The only physical way to
                change the nature<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    of charcoal is to burn it.
                   That is why it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    lasts in soil (or wherever it
                is) for<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    thousands of years.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    It has an incredibly high
                surface area of<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    360 m^2 (varies) and is a mass
                of minute<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    tunnels which in turn means a
                very high<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    volume and gases become
                trapped in these<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    tunnels.It does not _ab_sorb,
                it _ad_sorbs<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    and traps only.The difference
                between absorb<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    and adsorb is the same as the
                difference in<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    liquids of suspension and
                solution.Clay<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    particles will be in
                suspension, sugar and<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    salt go into solution.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal is useful in an
                aerobic composting<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    system because again of the
                entrapment of<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    air in the tunnels.A
                composting system goes<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    well if there is enough oxygen
                bearing air<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    available to the bacteria
                which are a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    significant part of the
                system.The more air,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    the higher the population of
                bacteria (other<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    factors being OK). The
                charcoal itself is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    inoperative, and doesn't
                change, nor is it a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    catalyst, it simply provides a
                service. It<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    will only provide a haven for
                soil<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    benevolent bacteria if there
                is something<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    trapped in the tunnels which
                the bacteria<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    can eat.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal is a good adsorber of
                gas and<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    liquid simply because that is
                what it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    does.Zeolite on the other
                hand, can have an<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    even higher surface are per
                gram and has a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    propensity to entrap gases,
                most<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    particularly nitrogen in it's
                various forms<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    -- as gas -- ammonium for
                example -- and in<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    liquids as a salt of NO_3 .It
                actually draws<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    them in (like a magnet
                attracts ferric<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    objects) where charcoal just
                takes it as it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    comes.    It is easy to see
                also why<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    charcoal is so effective as a
                filter, but if<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    you have a solution rich in
                nitrogen, run it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    through Zeolite and the N will
                be removed.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Add some to the litter in
                poultry grower<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    sheds, there will be fewer
                mortalities<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    because the ammonia which
                sometimes will<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    asphixiate small birds will be
                absorbed.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Zeolite will take N out of
                solution,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    charcoal will not.    There's
                40 natural<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    forms of Zeolite and more than
                another 150<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    can be synthesised, so choose
                carefully for<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    the one most appropriate to
                your problem.   <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Zeolite can perform an amazing
                range of<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    actions.    Once used and
                applied as<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    fertiliser, Zeolite
                subsequently will<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    release the N slowly and
                remain in the soil<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    as a balancer of N.  Too much,
                it will take<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    it in (so that the soil pH is
                not lowered)<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    and release it as required.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal's great stuff though,
                it's easy to<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    make and holds answers to a
                lot of problems<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    - but not all !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    David Murphy.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                   _______________________________________________<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Gasification mailing list<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
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              <blockquote type="cite">    to Send a Message to the list,
                use the email<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    address<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                   <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org">Gasification@bioenergylists.org</a><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                   <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org"><mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org></a><br>
              </blockquote>
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              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    use the web page<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
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              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    for more Gasifiers,  News and
                Information<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    see our web site:<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                   <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/">http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/</a><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">-- <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Joe Barnas<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Portland, OR<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">541-525-1665<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">_______________________________________________<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Gasification mailing list<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">to Send a Message to the list, use
                the email address<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org">Gasification@bioenergylists.org</a><br>
              </blockquote>
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              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">for more Gasifiers,  News and
                Information see our web site:<br>
              </blockquote>
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              <br>
              Message: 4<br>
              Date: Sun, 08 Dec 2013 18:45:24 +1100<br>
              From: David Murphy <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au"><djfmurphy@dodo.com.au></a><br>
              To: Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification<br>
              <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org"><gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org></a><br>
              Subject: Re: [Gasification] Biochar et al.<br>
              Message-ID: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:52A42394.5010509@dodo.com.au"><52A42394.5010509@dodo.com.au></a><br>
              Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1";
              Format="flowed"<br>
              <br>
              Joe, my apologies - a typo.    Instead of " a <br>
              world which generates now (probably) 20 million <br>
              tonnes annually." that should read 20 _billion_ <br>
              not million !<br>
              <br>
              On 08/12/2013 12:33 PM, Joe Barnas wrote:<br>
              <blockquote type="cite">DAVID,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Thankyou for the insightful
                overview of biochar <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">and comparative functionality of
                Zeolite, of <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">which I was not familiar.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">However one thing I am focused on
                is how to <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">address catastrophic global
                climate change and <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">for that having billions of
                gardeners <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">sequestering carbon, while
                building healthy soil <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">and hence healthy food is not
                something that <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Zeolite can provide.  It is
                another tool in <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">growing food, yes, but let's not
                lose sight of <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">the long term benefit of promoting
                biochar.  I <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">might even try mixing some with
                biochar just to <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">gain the N adsorption benefits.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">On Fri, Dec 6, 2013 at 2:00 PM,
                David Murphy <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au">djfmurphy@dodo.com.au</a> <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au"><mailto:djfmurphy@dodo.com.au></a>>
                wrote:<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Greetings Biochar/Gasifier
                people !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Everybody & his dog seems
                to have something<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    to say about<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                   charcoal/biochar/biochar-compost mix and so<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    on.Well, here's another dog to
                bark his piece !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Biochar is often seen as the
                great<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    agricultural panacea, but _it
                is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    not_.Biochar is a name given
                to plain<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    ordinary charcoal to indicate
                that it is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    destined for use in soil
                improvement, but<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    basically it is still plain
                ordinary<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    charcoal, just crushed into
                smaller<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    particles. In some
                circumstances it is a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    very beneficial tool but it is
                not magical<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    as some proponents seem to
                think. Just<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    remember, all charcoal has a
                bio-origin - wood.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    In some Ag. trials in
                Australiait<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    significantly improved crop
                volume (treble<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    in one case) but in other
                instances, nothing<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    worth writing home about.It
                depends on what<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    the soil is like to start
                with.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal is stable.That means
                it does not<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    take part in any composting
                system (which is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    one primarily of bacterial
                digestion) and it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    is indigestible so that when
                offered as a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    dietary supplement (in poultry
                food for<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    example) it passes through the
                digestive<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    system physically unchanged
                but will adsorb<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    a high proportion of the gases
                and some<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    toxins produced in the process
                of digestion,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    because that is what charcoal
                does. For this<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    reason, it's adsorption
                capability, poultry<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    will generally do better on a
                little charcoal.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Quite a few pages could be
                filled on the<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    beneficial services provided
                by charcoal as<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    it travels through the
                digestive system, but<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    it does it as charcoal only
                and as nothing<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    else.   By all means use a
                little in the<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    feed, you can only benefit.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    The only physical way to
                change the nature<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    of charcoal is to burn it.
                   That is why it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    lasts in soil (or wherever it
                is) for<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    thousands of years.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    It has an incredibly high
                surface area of<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    360 m^2 (varies) and is a mass
                of minute<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    tunnels which in turn means a
                very high<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    volume and gases become
                trapped in these<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    tunnels.It does not _ab_sorb,
                it _ad_sorbs<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    and traps only.The difference
                between absorb<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    and adsorb is the same as the
                difference in<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    liquids of suspension and
                solution.Clay<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    particles will be in
                suspension, sugar and<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    salt go into solution.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal is useful in an
                aerobic composting<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    system because again of the
                entrapment of<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    air in the tunnels.A
                composting system goes<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    well if there is enough oxygen
                bearing air<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    available to the bacteria
                which are a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    significant part of the
                system.The more air,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    the higher the population of
                bacteria (other<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    factors being OK). The
                charcoal itself is<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    inoperative, and doesn't
                change, nor is it a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    catalyst, it simply provides a
                service. It<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    will only provide a haven for
                soil<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    benevolent bacteria if there
                is something<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    trapped in the tunnels which
                the bacteria<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    can eat.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal is a good adsorber of
                gas and<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    liquid simply because that is
                what it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    does.Zeolite on the other
                hand, can have an<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    even higher surface are per
                gram and has a<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    propensity to entrap gases,
                most<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    particularly nitrogen in it's
                various forms<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    -- as gas -- ammonium for
                example -- and in<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    liquids as a salt of NO_3 .It
                actually draws<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    them in (like a magnet
                attracts ferric<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    objects) where charcoal just
                takes it as it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    comes.    It is easy to see
                also why<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    charcoal is so effective as a
                filter, but if<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    you have a solution rich in
                nitrogen, run it<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    through Zeolite and the N will
                be removed.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Add some to the litter in
                poultry grower<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    sheds, there will be fewer
                mortalities<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    because the ammonia which
                sometimes will<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    asphixiate small birds will be
                absorbed.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Zeolite will take N out of
                solution,<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    charcoal will not.    There's
                40 natural<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    forms of Zeolite and more than
                another 150<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    can be synthesised, so choose
                carefully for<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    the one most appropriate to
                your problem.   <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Zeolite can perform an amazing
                range of<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    actions.    Once used and
                applied as<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    fertiliser, Zeolite
                subsequently will<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    release the N slowly and
                remain in the soil<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    as a balancer of N.  Too much,
                it will take<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    it in (so that the soil pH is
                not lowered)<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    and release it as required.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    Charcoal's great stuff though,
                it's easy to<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    make and holds answers to a
                lot of problems<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    - but not all !<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">    David Murphy.<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite"><br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">
                   _______________________________________________<br>
              </blockquote>
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              <blockquote type="cite">-- <br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Joe Barnas<br>
              </blockquote>
              <blockquote type="cite">Portland, OR<br>
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              <blockquote type="cite">541-525-1665<br>
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              <blockquote type="cite">Gasification mailing list<br>
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              Subject: Digest Footer<br>
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              <br>
              End of Gasification Digest, Vol 40, Issue 8<br>
              *******************************************<br>
              <br>
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          </blockquote>
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        <br>
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      <br>
      <pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
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</pre>
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