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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Ron,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>When I read the literature generated by Woods, Lehmann, Glaser, Steiner and the many anthropologists it paints a picture of smoldering slash and char like Christoph Steiner describes in his thesis by that title. In it you will have a mix of pyrolysis, gasification and combustion which are all part of the combustion process. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>When wood is heated, with or without air, about 80% of the carbon converts to volatile gases which then burns when you add air. The remaining 20% carbon converts to charcoal which burns in direct contact with air. In gasification we add about 30% of the air that you would ordinarily use for combustion (stoichiometric air) which burns about a third of the fuel which heats the remainder and converts it to combustible gases. A little char (<5%) often remains. If you burn the hot raw gas you have the heat from the third of the fuel that burned plus the heat from the chemical energy (CO, H2) in the gas so your only loses are generally in heat transfer. If you have 5% heat loss through refractory then you have 95% of the heat, in the form of sensible heat and chemical energy, delivered to a boiler. If you don’t burn part of the fuel to create heat to convert the mass to gas then you have to add it externally. That’s pyrolysis. When you use part of the gases from pyrolysis to provide that heat for pyrolysis then you lose that energy. So from 3 tons of dry wood you get one ton of charcoal and one ton equivalent of heat (16 MMBtu). The other energy is consumed to make heat for the pyrolysis. When you burn both the gas and the char that’s combustion. A device that is externally heated to make gas and char is a pyrolyzer. A device that uses air to convert the solid to a gas is a gasifier. A gasifier produces some char through inefficient conversion. If you add air to convert the fuel to char and gas and and burn the all the char and the gas then that’s a combustor. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>If you add air to a mix of char and volatile gases the gases will consume most of the oxygen first. You can also see the glowing combustion of the char but when air is limited the char tends to remain. The volatile gases burn at about 815 C to 980 C while the char burns at about 1350 C. Char combustion is important to updraft gasifiers. You blow air and steam into the bed of char to burn it which provides heat to drive off the volatile gases from wood that is above the char layer. With char you can develop enough energy to drive the water gas shift reactions. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>From 1985 to about 1998 there was a US tax credit for devices that converted solid biomass to gas. A gasifier could get a tax credit if it converted solid biomass to a gas and sold it to a boiler owned by another entity. An enterprising tax attorney was able to get that tax code interpreted so that if you reduced the amount of air coming through the grate of a boiler, that would promote mostly pyrolysis and gasification, you could call the furnace and grate a gasifier. Since you burned the gas above the grate the boiler assembly could be the buyer or consumer of the gas. So what we would call staged combustion received tax credits as if it was a gasifier making gas to sell to a boiler. I called those “taxifiers” at the time. Boiler manufacturers renamed their staging combustors as gasifiers and their customers received the tax credits. Hundreds of boilers were sold in this way. That tuning to stage the combustion is what Alex English does on his grate (Without the tax credit).. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>In downdraft gasifiers you tend to burn the volatile gases to create the heat to convert the solid wood togas. In a TLUD you establish the flame by introducing air to burn the volatile gases. Heat from the flame and the flaming pyrolysis convert the solid wood fuel to gas which rises up through the pyrolysis zone to the burner. Partial oxidation takes place in the pyrolysis flame front by consume oxygen from the primary air. The flame however is just burning combustible gas so you have a gasifier. All gasifiers have pyrolysis zones in which the fuel is mostly heated and converted to gases. . A TLUD is a gasifier with a descending flaming pyrolysis zone. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Adding CO2 to char is designed to create combustible gas from the char. It is interesting to note that you can burn just a small part of the char to change the quality of the remaining char. You get a char that has improved nutrient capture. At te expense of some of the char. If your intent is to make synthesis gases for liquid fuel then you objective is to convert all of the char togas. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>It is easy to make 15% to 25% char in a gasifier. You just run the gasifier inefficiently so that a larger part of the char is not consumed in gasification. The Ankur Scientific gasifier makes this easy by providing a motorized grate that allows you to remove char faster than it is consumed. In a large downdraft you get poor air penetration in the oxidation zone so you will find that the core is cooler than the perimeter. The core of the fuel passes through as carbonized but not gasified. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>It’s Christmas time. Happy Holidays<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></a></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> biochar@yahoogroups.com [mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Ronal W. Larson<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, December 24, 2013 11:52 AM<br><b>To:</b> Biochar; Tom Miles<br><b>Cc:</b> Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [biochar] Pine char gasification<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal>Tom - see notes below. I have little time for a few more weeks, but will try to get back to this, if others haven’t already supplied enough of a response.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Dec 23, 2013, at 4:36 PM, Tom Miles <<a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com">tmiles@trmiles.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Ron,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>I didn’t mean anything quite so personal. :-/</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal> <b>[RWL1: See next response to Mark Ludlow. I was mostly trying to get some humor injected - about my own “cult”.</b><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Most of the biochar research has focused on pyrolitic char and not on combustion or gasification char. There is a clear bias toward pyrolysis, or low temperature char. Can anyone really say this is the way that the Amazonians, or anyone else, created the charcoal that we find in the terra preta soils? Or was it smoldering combustion, staged combustion (a la Alex English), or a combination of pyrolysis, gasification and combustion? I know that I have had a lot of bad slash and straw burns that have left a lot more char on the ground than ash. Are there “signatures” in the terra preta char that point specifically to pyrolysis, gasification or combustion? </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal> <b>[RWL2: I just spent half an hour trying to find something definitive. I found one Ppt by three friends on this topic, but not enough words to go with the pictures. I will check after Xmas. </b><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b> I hope someone on this list has looked at efforts to mimic the Terra Preta soils. It seems clear they did much more than just put out ash - which seems to have been what the vast majority of aboriginal slash and burn cultures did. I favor an argument that the char came from what happened during and after cooking (If wood is easy to come by, you can make a lot of char in a 3-stone arrangement. I have seen one argument for an approach like HTC.</b><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>I see biochar production growing in stages. For the time being a large quantity of char that is sold as Biochar is actually char from gasification. As biochar markets grow we might expect to find more pyrolytic char made “for purpose” but now we have some pyrolitic char and byproducts of gasification (including TLUDs) and combustion.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> <b>[RWL3: I wouldn</b></span><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>’</span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>t couple the words </span></b><b><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>“TLUDs” and “gasification”. </span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> <b> TLUDs look like pyrolysis to me.</b></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>The “high temperature” gasifier char performs very well and in some applications better than pyrolytic char. Several studies (and some commercial producers) have found that conditioning the char through partially oxidation (to higher temperature) enhances nutrient retention. These products are for improving soil fertility , not necessarily to replace activated carbon. So why not consider CO2 gasification as a possible process step? </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'> <b><span style='color:#001E57'> [RWL4: I need help on this. I am assuming that adding CO2 to hot char is designed to leave little char. Doesn’t sound like a major help for producing a biochar.</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>One major producer of char in California uses a downdraft gasifier. In a downdraft gasifier wood devolatilizes at or above the oxidation zone. Volatile carbon is oxidized by the air injected from nozzles to make CO2. The hot CO2 reacts with the char to form CO and H2. This occurs in the “reduction zone”. The reduction zone is often shown as a deep bed of carbon but in fact it is usually only a couple of inches thick. Large chips reduce to powdered char in less than 2 inches where gas temperatures are 800-900C. The resultant producer gas is a mixture of this CO from reducing char and the devolatilized gas. Taking CO2 and reacting it with charcoal at 800-900C as Purdue has done is not a lot different so the qualities of the char should be similar.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal style='word-spacing:0px'> <b>[RWL5: Still need help (not knowing enough about the term “gasification”). In downdraft gasifiers, I have been assuming that the injected air was reacting mostly with the char, not with the already produced gases. The intent was to get rid of as much char as possible (and I assume the same for the Purdue researchers). I understand that Purdue is inputting CO2 and not air (in a second stage), but the intent in both cases is (I presume) to leave as little char as possible. I just don’t see how that fits into this list - interested in getting a lot of char. I understand that part of the processing is to maximize CO and H2. I’ll try to get back to this.</b><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><br><br></b><o:p></o:p></p><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>I think we need to explore all avenues of producing char and energy</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>1.</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#1F497D'> <span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>Slow pyrolysis – 25%-30% char; 30% oil+gas</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>2.</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#1F497D'> <span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>Fast pyrolysis – 15% char; 60% oil</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>3.</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#1F497D'> <span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>Gasification – 5%-25% char; 75%-95% energy</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>4.</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#1F497D'> <span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>Combustion – 1-5% char; 95% heat</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal> <b>[RWL: Tom - the bottom two total near 100%, but not the top two; can you add some more components?. I am surprised also to see gasification char as high as 25%; who is getting this high - and how?. </b><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b> Adding to this list might be the work of Mike Antal (and Mantria) with added pressure. Also Cool Planet uses pressure and catalysts with the term “fractionator”. Retort char (zero oxygen) could be a little different from your four - all of which involve some O2?. Maybe same for char made with microwaves (heating from the inside of particles being different)? Certainly HTC (hydrothermal carbonization) is very different. Is the approach by Alex English different from any of these (I think it is close to slow pyrolysis). Nat Mulcahy with World Stove has a different approach with no oxygen flowing through the fuel bed. Jim Mason’s BEK will be called gasification?</b><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b> I heat my home partly with wood (mostly solar (except when cold and cloudy), no gas) - and have pulled copious amounts of char out of my (open front) stove - a lot more than 5%. I believe that has to be called interrupted combustion - just the same as the whiskey maker Jack Daniels does - combustion interrupted at the end of the pyrolysis stage and before much gasification can have occurred. The difference seems to be whether an O2 molecule can reach a hot char surface or not - because of still-exiting pyrolysis gases getting oxidized first (mainly to CO and H2O).</b><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b> All in all I think it great that there are so many carbonization approaches - hopefully enough for every combination of soil and plant species. The big divider will be process temperature, it seems. Ron<br><br></b><o:p></o:p></p><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'>Tom</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>From:</span></b><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com"><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>biochar@yahoogroups.com</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>[<a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com"><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com</span></a>]<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><b>On Behalf Of<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></b>Ronal W. Larson<br><b>Sent:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Monday, December 23, 2013 2:53 PM<br><b>To:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Biochar; Tom Miles<br><b>Cc:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Gasification-Request<br><b>Subject:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Re: [biochar] Pine char gasification</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white;word-spacing:0px'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><p style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'>Tom etal:<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> 1. I’m not sure I want to accept the “philia” part of this message (“philia” goes with “abnormal” and pedophilia at one google site). I found the word agape - but that sounds presumptuous. But I do admit to being at the non-sensical end of the char spectrum. Maybe charphilia is apt.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> 2. I know close to zero about any part of gasification, but I can understand why one would promote the idea of recycling the CO2 to get more gas (eventually the Purdue group wants liquid, it seems). But that has to result in less char - and apparently leaves much higher temperature char. Eventually it is almost all CO2, for gasification, but I worry that the char produced this (high temperature) way might only be suited to replace AC = activated carbon.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> 3. Since Alex English name came up today, we should note that he also recycles CO2.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> 4. The dogma of the cult I am in says more char beats more heat, gas or liquid, so I will look forward to some proof that is not correct. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> Good luck to the Purdue folk.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'>Ron<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'>On Dec 23, 2013, at 12:58 PM, Tom Miles <<a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com"><span style='font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"'>tmiles@trmiles.com</span></a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Ron,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>This work is very important for both the biochar and gasification lists. Biochar will be produced at the large, or even small, scale as a co-product of energy (liquid fuels and/or power). The most efficient way to generate power from the gases and vapors from slow pyrolysis (50% of the energy) is probably through charcoal gasification (e.g. run the pyrolysis gases through a charcoal gasifier). There are commercial systems under development to make char and power in this way. There are also commercial systems under development to make liquid fuels through combinations of pyrolysis and gasification. The char products from these and fast pyrolysis processes run from 0% to about 15% of fuel input. I don’t know the fuel or char yield for Cool Planet.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>This particular study prepared the char with high temperature (826 C) nitrogen. Wood particles (chips, sawdust) and resultant char particles in this study are larger than for other char studies. Obs</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>ervations about BET surface area, particle size and the char morphology are very interesting. The char morphology looks different than the SEM images that we typically see. From gasification and pyrolysis we know that pine carbonizes differently than hardwood so it is interesting to see the shredded fibrous appearance of the pine char in this study compared to the neat geometric structures that we often see, which is probably from hardwood chars. The authors observe that the macropore volume is significantly greater than the mesopore or micropore volume of the char. They observe “numerous wide tunnel protruding into the char particles. . . [that] may provide pathways for bulk transport of CO2 into the particle.”</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Char conversion numbers are interesting. Only 10-12% of the char was gasified at 726 C (BET 391 m3/g) while 98-100% was converted at 896 C. Surface area increased with conversion but not much greater than the 35-47% conversion at 776 C so CO2 gasification could be used to increase surface area at the expense of half of char (660 m3/g). Meso and micro pore volume doubles at the higher rate but stays pretty constant above 776 C. Researchers conclude that a significant proportion of the pore volume is within macro pores although the majority of the internal surface area is within micro pores. They point out that the mass loss with surface gasification occurs within the smaller pores leading to pore widening.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Researchers explain that the char gasification process involves three steps: (1) adsorption of the gas-phase species to the char surface, (2) surface reactions, and (3) desorption of the gasification products from the surface. The latter is the rate limiting process.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Recycling CO2 from gasification to gasify the char is an interesting concept that may apply to modifying char properties (e.g. increase surface area) from pyrolysis or recovering energy (heat, power, syngas) in an industrial setting. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>There is very little information about gasification or combustion chars. Sometimes it helps to step back from our char-philia (and gaso-phobia) to see what products combined pyrolysis and gasification can produce. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Tom</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><div id=ygrp-mlmsg><div id=ygrp-msg><div id=ygrp-text><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>RL><span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span></b>don’t see any relevance to the biochar list. (Except if this work shows that char is more valuable in the ground and/or that an approach like Cool Planet’s is more efficient.) On the biochar list, we should want BOTH high value fuels and charcoal. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> This Purdue work is all about gasification of char - not pyrolysis. I am not sure whether the topic is appropriate for “gasification” either, since that list seems to want gases for engines, not liquids.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:white'>__._,_.___<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='border:solid #EAEAEA 1.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in'><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:white'><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJydmNlN2x0BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRtc2dJZAMxNTg0NQRzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNycGx5BHN0aW1lAzEzODc5MTQ3NTQ-?act=reply&messageNum=15845"><span style='color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none'>Reply via web post</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td><td style='border:solid #EAEAEA 1.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in'><span 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