<div dir="ltr">Two coal based ammonia plants of 600 MTPD ammonia capacity were commissioned in Talcher and Ramagundam in India about 40 years or so ago. Coal gasification was based on Koppers- Totzek powdered coal gasification process using oxygen and was beset with mechanical break downs frequently due to high ash coal. Plants were subsequently shut down. Since these<div>
plants were built by Govt company a lot of tax payer's money went down the drain.</div><div><br></div><div>I understand a similar plant was successfully run in South Africa. May be the coal quality was better.</div></div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, May 15, 2014 at 6:39 AM, <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:GFWHELL@aol.com" target="_blank">GFWHELL@aol.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<u></u>
<div style="FONT-FAMILY:Arial;COLOR:#000000;FONT-SIZE:10pt"><font color="#000000" face="Arial">
<div> </div>
<div>Technically, it is possible to salvage a considerable portion of the
waste heat which is normally discarded by an I.C.Engine to assist in the
production of methane from hot CO2 in the presence of biomass or any other
hydro carbon, The extra input of energy to assist the reaction can be in the
form of an electrical plasma which could be obtained from say a 100amp
automotive alternator. There are other issues such as N2 removal from the fuel
loop. This is the way it will go.</div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div>Sabatier reaction<br>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br>The Sabatier
reaction or Sabatier process was discovered by the French chemist Paul Sabatier
in the 1910s. It involves the reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at
elevated temperatures (optimally 300–400 °C) and pressures in the presence of a
nickel catalyst to produce methane and water. Optionally, ruthenium on alumina
(aluminum oxide) makes a more efficient catalyst. It is described by the
following exothermic reaction:</div>
<div> </div>
<div>CO2 + 4 H2 + energy → CH4 + 2 H2O<br>∆H = −165.0 kJ/mol<br>(some initial
energy/heat is required to start the reaction)</div>
<div> </div>
<div>GFWHELL<br></div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<div>In a message dated 5/14/2014 1:57:31 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time,
<a href="mailto:adkarve@gmail.com" target="_blank">adkarve@gmail.com</a> writes:</div>
<blockquote style="BORDER-LEFT:blue 2px solid;PADDING-LEFT:5px;MARGIN-LEFT:5px"><font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR:transparent" color="#000000" face="Arial">Dear
Art,<br>yes I agree with you, that using methane from natural gas would
make<br>the process simpler and cheaper than using coal. Besides, using
coal<br>would also involve getting rid of ash. Perhaps, one can
produce<br>enough methane from agricultural and urban waste, which would make
it<br>a carbon neutral process.<br>Yours<br>A.D.Karve<br><br>On Wed, May 14,
2014 at 12:37 PM, Art Krenzel <<a href="mailto:phoenix98604@msn.com" target="_blank">phoenix98604@msn.com</a>> wrote:<br>> Dr.
Karve,<br>><br>> Being able to technically generate hydrogen using
incandescent carbon in a<br>> water gas reaction does not make the process
economically competitive.<br>> Typically, the use of incandescent carbon is
a batch, cyclic process which<br>> produces pulses of gases which vary in
purity over each cycle<br>><br>> Compare the economics of using a batch
feedstock which has a variable<br>> composition to one which has a very
pure, low cost feedstock (CH4) day in<br>> and day out. As a process
designer, you can readily see that even through<br>> the chemistry works
out to generate hydrogen using incandescent carbon, the<br>> day to day
practicality of operating a multistage process with such a<br>> variable
feedstock is much more difficult and more expensive.<br>><br>>
Art<br>><br>><br>><br>><br>>> Date: Tue, 13 May 2014
06:34:07 +0530<br>>> From: <a href="mailto:adkarve@gmail.com" target="_blank">adkarve@gmail.com</a><br>>> To:
<a href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>><br>>> Subject: Re:
[Gasification] Tennessee company - pyrolysis biochar +<br>>> hydrogen
($1.75 per gallon diesel-equivalent?)<br>>><br>>> Dear
Art,<br>>> I am not a chemist but I feel that we can also separate the
hydrogen<br>>> from water gas. India is the world's third largest
producer of<br>>> chemical fertilizers and I am quite sure that the
Indian fertilizer<br>>> producers also use natural gas as their source
of hydrogen. India<br>>> generates annually about 800 million tonnes of
agricultural waste,<br>>> which can serve as the source to produce
charcoal. This charcoal would<br>>> have the same amount of energy as
all the petroleum that we import.<br>>> We have developed charring kilns
for charring light biomass into a<br>>> powdery charcoal. currently we
briquette it and use it as domestic<br>>> fuel. We have also made water
gas from our char and demonstrated its<br>>> use as fuel.<br>>>
Yours<br>>> A.D.Karve<br>>><br>>> On Mon, May 12, 2014 at
10:46 AM, Greg Manning <<a href="mailto:a31ford@gmail.com" target="_blank">a31ford@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>>> >
Art<br>>> ><br>>> > Thank you for the
explanation,<br>>> ><br>>> > I knew they used natural gas,
but had no idea of the process.<br>>> ><br>>> > Greg
Manning<br>>> ><br>>> ><br>>> > On Sun, May 11,
2014 at 9:28 PM, Art Krenzel <<a href="mailto:phoenix98604@msn.com" target="_blank">phoenix98604@msn.com</a>><br>>> >
wrote:<br>>> >><br>>> >> Dr. Karve,<br>>>
>><br>>> >> The Haber Bosch Process is used to convert
hydrogen from natural gas<br>>> >> and<br>>> >>
nitrogen from air into ammonia. Yes, it is an energy intensive
process.<br>>> >><br>>> >> See:
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process</a><br>>> >><br>>>
>> This conversion is typically conducted at 15-25 MPa (2,200-3,600
psi)<br>>> >> or<br>>> >> 150-250 bar and between
300-550 °C (572-1,022 °F), as the gases are<br>>> >>
passed<br>>> >> over four beds of catalyst, with cooling between
each pass so as to<br>>> >> maintain<br>>> >> a
reasonable equilibrium constant. On each pass only about 15%<br>>>
>> conversion<br>>> >> occurs, but any unreacted gases are
recycled, and eventually an overall<br>>> >> conversion of 97% is
achieved.[1]<br>>> >><br>>> >> Art Krenzel<br>>>
>><br>>> >><br>>> >><br>>>
>><br>>> >> > Date: Mon, 12 May 2014 07:29:51
+0530<br>>> >> > From: <a href="mailto:adkarve@gmail.com" target="_blank">adkarve@gmail.com</a><br>>> >>
> To: <a href="mailto:biochar-policy@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar-policy@yahoogroups.com</a>;<br>>> >> >
<a href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>>> >> > Subject: Re:
[Gasification] Tennessee company - pyrolysis biochar +<br>>> >>
> hydrogen ($1.75 per gallon diesel-equivalent?)<div class=""><br>>>
>><br>>> >> ><br>>> >> > Dear
Greg,<br>>> >> > the major component of natural gas is methane.
How does the<br>>> >> > fertilizer<br>>> >> >
industry separate out hydrogen from methane? The process must be<br>>>
>> > consuming a lot of energy.<br>>> >> >
Yours<br>>> >> > A.D.Karve<br>>> >>
><br></div>>> >> > On Sun, May 11, 2014 at 9:02 AM, Anand Karve
<<a href="mailto:adkarve@gmail.com" target="_blank">adkarve@gmail.com</a>><br>>> >> > wrote:<br>>>
>> > > Dear List,<br>>> >> > > Already in the
first decade of the last century, Haber in Germany<br>>> >> >
> developed a process for making ammonia by combining nitrogen in
the<br>>> >> > > air with hydrogen. I was told that this
process is used even today<br>>> >> > > by<br>>>
>> > > fertilizer manufacturers. Where does the fertilizer
industry get<br>>> >> > > its<br>>> >> > >
hydrogen from?<br>>> >> > > Yours<br>>> >> >
> A.D.Karve<br>>> >> > ><br>>> >> > >
On Fri, May 9, 2014 at 8:59 PM, John Bonitz <a href="mailto:john.bonitz@gmail.com" target="_blank">john.bonitz@gmail.com</a><br>>>
>> > > [biochar-policy] <<a href="mailto:biochar-policy@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar-policy@yahoogroups.com</a>>
wrote:<br>>> >> > >><br>>> >> >
>><br>>> >> > >> Return of the Pyromaniax: Proton
Power and its hydrous pyrolysis<br>>> >> > >> process
for<br>>> >> > >> super low-cost hydrogen, by Jim Lane,
May 8, 2014<br>>> >> > >><br>>> >> >
>><br>>> >> > >><br>>> >> > >>
<a href="http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2014/05/08/return-of-the-pyromaniax-proton-power-and-its-hydrous-pyrolysis-process-for-super-low-cost-hydrogen/" target="_blank">http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2014/05/08/return-of-the-pyromaniax-proton-power-and-its-hydrous-pyrolysis-process-for-super-low-cost-hydrogen/</a><br>
>>
>> > >><br>>> >> > >><br>>> >>
> >><br>>> >> > >> John Bonitz<br>>>
>> > >> Pittsboro, NC<br>>> >> >
>><br>>> >> > >> <a href="tel:919-360-2492" value="+919193602492" target="_blank">919-360-2492</a> |
LinkedIn<br>>> >> > >><br>>> >> > >>
~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br>>> >> > >><br>>> >> >
>><br>>> >> > >>
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><br>>> >> > ><br>>> >> > >
--<br>>> >> > > ***<br>>> >> > > Dr. A.D.
Karve<br>>> >> > > Trustee & Founder President,
Appropriate Rural Technology Institute<br>>> >> > >
(ARTI)<br>>> >> ><br>>> >> ><br>>>
>> ><br>>> >> > --<br>>> >> >
***<br>>> >> > Dr. A.D. Karve<br>>> >> > Trustee
& Founder President, Appropriate Rural Technology Institute<br>>>
>> > (ARTI)<br>>> >> ><br>>> >> >
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***<br>>> Dr. A.D. Karve<br>>> Trustee & Founder President,
Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI)<br>>><br>>>
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