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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Can someone enlighten us all as to 1) the Earths calcium and magnesium carbonate cycles and 2) any other significant carbon cycles in proportion. I know just enough to be dangerous and want it straight.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Dan Dimiduk <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='color:#333333'>Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE DROID</span></i><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br><br>Tom Miles <tmiles@trmiles.com> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>International Biochar Initiative (IBI) spent several years developing a protocol for determining how to measure the forms of carbon and how to determine what carbon could be claimed for sequestration. The feedstock must be sustainable. The biochar must be safe (non-toxic). And only the stable portion of the char is counted. Details can be found on the IBI website. at <a href="http://www.biochar-international.org">www.biochar-international.org</a> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>The protocol was adopted last year (2015) by the California Association of Air Pollution Control Officers (CAPCOA) so it applies throughout California. <a href="http://www.ghgrx.org/">http://www.ghgrx.org/</a> See the Biochar Production Project Reporting (Placer County APCD and ACR). </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>The protocol was not adopted by the American Carbon Registry. I understand that the process is as much political as it is scientific and that the scientific premise of the proposed protocol is thought to be sound. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>The process took several years (2008-2015) and involved committees of scientists from around the world. It was developed with a large grant from a philanthropic organization. IBI has been unsuccessful at finding similar sources of funding to continue the work. (Philanthropic funding for climate change is now 20% of what It was in 2008.) Anyone with access to sources of funding, or ideas for funding, should contact IBI at <a href="mailto:info@biochar-international.org">info@biochar-international.org</a> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Donate to IBI so that it can continue to be an international center for biochar information and networking. <a href="http://www.biochar-international.org/">http://www.biochar-international.org/</a> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Kind regards,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Tom Miles</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>IBI Board member</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> Gasification [mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Gerald Kutney<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, April 20, 2016 3:39 AM<br><b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification <gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Gasification] Biochar - Carbon Negative?</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'>While biomass is carbon neutral in principle, its use seldom is as the collection and processing of it is not. The claim of carbon neutrality in the use of biomass has opened the industry to valid criticism as over-stating its benefits. Bioenergy and biofuels are better than fossil fuels, but carbon neutrality is a hyperbole, in my opinion.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'>And while biochar is carbon negative in principle, not all of it is fixed and some appears to be vulnerable to biological activity. Proving the degree of sequestration is challenging, and few jurisdictions have officially accepted this aspect of biochar. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'>That said, bioenergy, biofuels and biochar are all (usually) beneficial to fight climate change (compared to fossil fuels), but we should be careful not to overstate the degree that this takes place.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><div id="MAC_OUTLOOK_SIGNATURE"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;color:blue'>Gerald Kutney, Ph.D.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;color:blue'>Managing Director</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;color:blue'>Sixth Element Sustainable Management</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;color:blue'>“Innovation can move the world”</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;color:blue'><a href="http://www.6esm.com">www.6esm.com</a> (613) 425-0619</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Gasification <<a href="mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>> on behalf of Anand Karve <<a href="mailto:adkarve@gmail.com">adkarve@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Reply-To: </b>Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification <<a href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><br><b>Date: </b>Wednesday, April 20, 2016 at 4:43 AM<br><b>To: </b>Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification <<a href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Gasification] Biochar - Carbon Negative?</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><a name="_MailOriginalBody"><span style='color:blue'>Dear Doug,</span><o:p></o:p></a></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>biomass is formed by the process of photosynthesis. Burning biomass is considered to be carbon neutral, because the carbon dioxide produced in this process was originally already in the atmosphere before it got sequestered in plants by photosynthesis. After being released into the atmosphere by burning, it would be sequestered again in plants by photosynthesis. Therefore, the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere is zero. if any of the biomass is converted into char and buried into the soil, it creates a negative carbon dioxide balance, irrespective of the proportion of char going into the soil.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>Yours</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>A.D.Karve</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'><br clear=all></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>***<br>Dr. A.D. Karve<br><br>Chairman, Samuchit Enviro Tech Pvt Ltd (</span></span><a href="http://www.samuchit.com" target="_blank"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>www.samuchit.com</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>)<br><br>Trustee & Founder President, Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>On Wed, Apr 20, 2016 at 11:24 AM, Doug Williams <</span></span><a href="mailto:doug.williams.nz@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>doug.williams.nz@gmail.com</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>> wrote:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>Hi Mark,<br><br>You ask:<br>> After gasification, approximately 5% of the woody biomass remains a biochar<br>> which sequesters carbon, hence a 'carbon negative' claim can be made.<br><br>Qualify which type of gasification, because 5% would only apply to a<br>high performance gas making system. If however it was a pyrolysing char<br>making system, about 1/3rd of the fuel weight would be char, but two<br>thirds would be consumed by combustion to become a CO2 emission. So not<br>honestly carbon negative in my opinion (other than replacing fossil<br>carbon). Restoration of the environmental CO2 balance would be a tricky<br>calculation.<br><br>> Alternatively, if the woody waste is left to rot in situ, the carbon<br>> sequestration is 0% (all carbon is released/transformed into CO2 and other<br>> gasses).<br><br>That fits the normal explanations, we all go back to CO2 and CH4 if<br>left to rot(:-)<br><br>> True?<br><br>Truth can be very elastic sided when claims are made about<br>gasification, so take care to confirm all calculations regarding the<br>process in question.There is a lot of attention paid to carbon credits<br>as an intensive to cheat in the Souther Hemisphere, and one should be<br>careful if included in any proposals.<br></span><span style='color:#888888'><br><span class=hoenzb>Doug Williams,</span><br><span class=hoenzb>Fluidyne.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Gasification mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br></span></span><a href="mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>Gasification@bioenergylists.org</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br></span></span><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'><br><br>for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site:<br></span></span><a href="http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/" target="_blank"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'>_______________________________________________ Gasification mailing list to Send a Message to the list, use the email address </span></span><a href="mailto:Gasification@bioenergylists.org"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>Gasification@bioenergylists.org</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'> to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page </span></span><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'> for more Gasifiers, News and Information see our web site: </span></span><a href="http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/"><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'>http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/</span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailOriginalBody'><span style='color:blue'> </span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></body></html>