<html><head></head><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:12px"><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485380394173_6157">I would disagree with their definition of synthesis gas vs. producer gas. </div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485380394173_6157"><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485380394173_6157"> </div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485380394173_6157"><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1485380394173_6157"><br></div> <div class="qtdSeparateBR"><br><br></div><div class="yahoo_quoted" style="display: block;"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> <div dir="ltr"><font size="2" face="Arial"> On Wednesday, January 25, 2017 2:00 PM, "gasification-request@lists.bioenergylists.org" <gasification-request@lists.bioenergylists.org> wrote:<br></font></div> <br><br> <div class="y_msg_container">----- Forwarded Message -----<br><br>Send Gasification mailing list submissions to<br> <a ymailto="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org" href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit<br> <a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to<br> <a ymailto="mailto:gasification-request@lists.bioenergylists.org" href="mailto:gasification-request@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification-request@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>You can reach the person managing the list at<br> <a ymailto="mailto:gasification-owner@lists.bioenergylists.org" href="mailto:gasification-owner@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification-owner@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific<br>than "Re: Contents of Gasification digest..."<br><br>Today's Topics:<br><br> 1. Re: Dairy manure converted to renewable diesel via<br> gasification. (Mark Elliott Ludlow)<br> 2. Re: Dairy manure converted to renewable diesel via<br> gasification. (l)<br><div id="yiv9519933737"><style><!--
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--></style><div><div class="yiv9519933737WordSection1"><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:#1F497D;">Thank you Art!</span></div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><a rel="nofollow" name="_MailEndCompose" href=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:#1F497D;"> </span></a></div><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;"> Gasification [mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Art Krenzel<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 23, 2017 9:11 PM<br><b>To:</b> gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org<br><b>Subject:</b> [Gasification] Dairy manure converted to renewable diesel via gasification.</span></div></div></div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"> </div><div id="yiv9519933737divtagdefaultwrapper"><div><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;">I found this article in a magazine I read. It appears the answer to manure disposal has been demonstrated complete with the final products of diesel fuel and char.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;">There are no cost figures offered in this article so I suspect it is a pretty basic research experiment rather than a production project.</span></div><div><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div id="yiv9519933737Signature"><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;">Art Krenzel</span></div></div><div id="yiv9519933737Signature"><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div></div><div id="yiv9519933737Signature"><div><h5 style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"inherit", serif;color:#181818;font-weight:normal;">California dairy turns manure into renewable diesel</span></h5></div><div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;"><img width="300" height="296" id="yiv9519933737_x0000_i1025" src="http://www.agwastesolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/SteveBrucewax-300x296.jpg" alt="Steve & Bruce - Sulfur Free Diesel"></span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">An 1,100-cow dairy in southern California became the first-ever operation in the world known to produce no-sulfur renewable diesel products from manure on a livestock facility in late April.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">The milestone is the culmination of three years of collaboration between Scott Brothers Dairy in San Jacinto, California, and Ag Waste Solutions (AWS), a privately held company that designed the farm’s manure processing system.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">“To make it to the top of the hill is a euphoric moment,” dairyman Bruce Scott says.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">Steve McCorkle, founder and CEO of AWS, announced the partnership’s achievement on Facebook on April 27, 2015. The company claims its technology is the “future of sustainable farming.”</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">“We have proven that we can complete the circle of energy for individual farms while creating profit centers from manure, enabling farmers to exceed regulatory requirements and truly control their own destiny,” McCorkle said in a statement.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">Scott says he is most proud to have produced a “deliverable” for the California Energy Commission, which helped fund the project. As far as he understands, the commission has no other no-sulfur diesel projects dealing with this type of waste stream, so he is pleased to have “crossed the finish line” by submitting a final report. The next step for the system is to prove it can operate continuously and thus be a commercially viable option for other agricultural operations.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">“I didn’t expect to win over favor on this project quickly. But I’ve firmly believed in the direction of this project,” Scott says. “The tunnel may have gotten longer, but the light at the end of it has always stayed visible in my mind. I still believe it’s the most viable technology to get rid of a waste stream and produce something that’s value-added at the same time.”</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">Processing manure into renewable diesel products is just one of the system’s manure processing capabilities.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">The dairy’s multi-stage system first separates high-BTU manure solids from the dairy’s liquid manure effluent. McCorkle says the first stage removes 98 percent of the total suspended solids and 40 percent of the dissolved solids, making good irrigation water for most farms.</span></div><div style="line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">The extracted water is further purified at Scott Brothers Dairy to remove the other 2 percent of suspended solids and the remaining dissolved solids, making the water potable. (This step was to satisfy manure application requirements that were specific to the dairy’s regional regulatory agency. See this </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"inherit", serif;color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;">Progressive Dairyman</span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;"> Feb. 7, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.progressivedairy.com/features/producers/11775-dairy-prepares-to-turn-manure-into-renewable-diesel"><span style="font-family:"inherit", serif;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;">article</span></a> for more background about dairy’s unique permitting situation.)</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">The dairy’s manure solids are then fed to a pyrolysis gasifier. The gas production module then thermochemically decomposes the manure solids in the absence of air to produce syngas. The gas is then scrubbed of impurities and compressed for storage.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">Using a Fischer-Tropsch process, the hydrogen and carbon in the gas is then converted in the system’s final stage into no-sulfur renewable diesel products. The Fischer-Tropsch process had been used to convert other feedstocks to renewable diesel but until recently was never proven to work with manure, let alone on a farm.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">Perhaps more importantly than producing diesel, the process also produces a refined wax product in a controllable diesel-to-wax ratio. McCorkle says the wax product’s market value is three times that of the renewable diesel and can be further processed or blended off-site with other petroleum products, such as jet fuel or kerosene.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">“We exceeded our own expectations on the first pass,” McCorkle says. “We were able to control the types and factions of liquids and waxes created. And we were able to attain the optimal ratio of liquids and waxes. This satisfies our business model of making enough diesel fuel for farm use and selling the wax products off-farm to create additional profit centers from manure.”</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">The system on Scott Brothers Dairy that produces renewable diesel products was built at pilot-project scale, meaning it is not commercially sized nor automated enough in order to operate 24-7 with minimal manpower.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">If the dairy had an adequately sized liquid fuels production module that ran continuously, it could produce at least 1 gallon of diesel fuel from three cows’ manure for a day. Right now the system can convert only one-eighth of the dairy’s gasified manure per day and has not yet been automated to run continuously.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">The first production run of renewable diesel products was evaluated in an on-site lab as well as sent to an external lab for validation. Future production runs will be tested to validate the fuel is consistently comparable, or superior, to other diesel fuels. Initial tests have shown the fuel has very similar characteristics to pump diesel but without detectable levels of sulfur. Even ultra low-sulfur pump diesel contains up to 15 ppm of sulfur.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">When asked if it passed the sniff test and whether he would put it in his own tractor, Scott says: “No question about it.”</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">McCorkle suggests the next steps toward a commercially viable, 24-7 system require more funding to upsize the liquid fuels production module in order to match the size of the rest of the system and to demonstrate that the system can run continuously and more automatically with predictable results and with minimal personnel.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">McCorkle is optimistic both goals can be achieved. For now, his countenance glows over the petrochemical milestone he and the dairy have achieved almost entirely by themselves.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">“We didn’t achieve these results in a large, complex refinery with tens of engineers, chemists and scientists. We achieved these results with only a handful of people working in a remote farm environment,” McCorkle says.</span></div><div style="line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial", sans-serif;color:#333333;">Article Credit - <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.progressivedairy.com/features/producers/13532-california-dairy-turns-manure-into-renewable-diesel"><span style="font-family:"inherit", serif;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;">Progressive Dairy (www.progressivedairy.com)</span></a></span></div></div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;">The work was done by Stephen McCorkle, Agricultural Waste Solutions, Inc, Westlake Village, CA 91261</span></div></div><div id="yiv9519933737Signature"><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div></div><div id="yiv9519933737Signature"><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;">Their telephone number is 805-551-0116</span></div><div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div></div><div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div align="center" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"><br> <br><br></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"> </span></div><div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style="font-family:"Calibri", sans-serif;color:black;"><br><br><br> <br><br></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="yiv9519933737"><font color="black" size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The<font size="2"> process could also be done by taking bio gas from an anerobic digester and converting it to diesel fuel, and there are processes for taking CO2 to ethanol. Then of course, you have the watery sludge from the digester to get rid of, but the EU has embraced this for their hog operations instead of advanced biological or thermal processes. Some folks in China have taken MSW and biodigested it to generate power and painted themselves into a corner, now can't get rid of their sludge and don't want any real options. <br>
Errors in the statement, carbon is not stored and converted, but carbon monoxide. Problems include what to do with the char other than mix with the pryolygenous liquors and make charcoal briquettes as char application to the ground doesn't address the phosphate accumulation in the soil from recycling organic matter, in fact, concentrates the effect. It is best to convert to ash and remove the soluble compounds for re-use and get rid of the remaining phosphate, iron, aluminum containing nasties rather than using them on ag soils. <br>
Lab scale stuff such as this can be done without any great innovation, but making it economic is another issue, maybe their grandkids will have the smarts to make it economic. <br>
There was a hog manure digester to methanol plant done several years ago which has since been scrapped, but it worked well and was a commercial success until they changed the hog ration and reduced manure production below economic threshold, a new meaning of garbage in garbage out <br>
I find it fascinating that industries may want "disruptive technologies" but when it is really offered to them, they won't go out of their comfort zone to move forward, so they stay with the bows and arrows instead of the cannon. Lots of stories about this effect. <br>
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<div style="clear:both;"><font class="yiv9519933737Apple-style-span" face="arial">Sincerely,</font><br>
<div><font class="yiv9519933737Apple-style-span" face="'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif">Leland T. "Tom" Taylor</font></div>
<div><font class="yiv9519933737Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Thermogenics Inc. </font></div>
<div><font class="yiv9519933737Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">+001-505-463-8422 </font></div>
<div><font class="yiv9519933737Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">www.thermogenicx.com</font></div>
<div>Skype: ltt.invent</div>
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<div style="font-family:helvetica, arial;font-size:10pt;color:black;">-----Original Message-----<br>
From: Mark Elliott Ludlow <mark@ludlow.com><br>
To: 'Discussion of biomass pyrolysis and gasification' <gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org><br>
Sent: Wed, Jan 25, 2017 12:09 am<br>
Subject: Re: [Gasification] Dairy manure converted to renewable diesel via gasification.<br>
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<div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D;">Thank you Art!</span></div>
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<div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> Gasification [<a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org?" target="_blank" href="mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org?">mailto:gasification-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Art Krenzel<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 23, 2017 9:11 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank" href="mailto:gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org">gasification@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Gasification] Dairy manure converted to renewable diesel via gasification.</span></div>
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<div><span style="color:black;">I found this article in a magazine I read. It appears the answer to manure disposal has been demonstrated complete with the final products of diesel fuel and char.</span></div>
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<div><span style="color:black;">There are no cost figures offered in this article so I suspect it is a pretty basic research experiment rather than a production project.</span></div>
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<div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;">Art Krenzel</span></div>
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<div><h5 style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:#181818;font-weight:normal;">California dairy turns manure into renewable diesel</span></h5></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;"><img id="yiv9519933737_x0000_i1025" alt="Steve & Bruce - Sulfur Free Diesel" src="http://www.agwastesolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/SteveBrucewax-300x296.jpg" width="300" height="296"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">An 1,100-cow dairy in southern California became the first-ever operation in the world known to produce no-sulfur renewable diesel products from manure on a livestock facility in late April.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">The milestone is the culmination of three years of collaboration between Scott Brothers Dairy in San Jacinto, California, and Ag Waste Solutions (AWS), a privately held company that designed the farm’s manure processing system.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">“To make it to the top of the hill is a euphoric moment,” dairyman Bruce Scott says.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">Steve McCorkle, founder and CEO of AWS, announced the partnership’s achievement on Facebook on April 27, 2015. The company claims its technology is the “future of sustainable farming.”</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">“We have proven that we can complete the circle of energy for individual farms while creating profit centers from manure, enabling farmers to exceed regulatory requirements and truly control their own destiny,” McCorkle said in a statement.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">Scott says he is most proud to have produced a “deliverable” for the California Energy Commission, which helped fund the project. As far as he understands, the commission has no other no-sulfur diesel projects dealing with this type of waste stream, so he is pleased to have “crossed the finish line” by submitting a final report. The next step for the system is to prove it can operate continuously and thus be a commercially viable option for other agricultural operations.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">“I didn’t expect to win over favor on this project quickly. But I’ve firmly believed in the direction of this project,” Scott says. “The tunnel may have gotten longer, but the light at the end of it has always stayed visible in my mind. I still believe it’s the most viable technology to get rid of a waste stream and produce something that’s value-added at the same time.”</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">Processing manure into renewable diesel products is just one of the system’s manure processing capabilities.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">The dairy’s multi-stage system first separates high-BTU manure solids from the dairy’s liquid manure effluent. McCorkle says the first stage removes 98 percent of the total suspended solids and 40 percent of the dissolved solids, making good irrigation water for most farms.</span></div>
<div style="line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">The extracted water is further purified at Scott Brothers Dairy to remove the other 2 percent of suspended solids and the remaining dissolved solids, making the water potable. (This step was to satisfy manure application requirements that were specific to the dairy’s regional regulatory agency. See this </span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;">Progressive Dairyman</span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;"> Feb. 7, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.progressivedairy.com/features/producers/11775-dairy-prepares-to-turn-manure-into-renewable-diesel"><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;">article</span></a> for more background about dairy’s unique permitting situation.)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">The dairy’s manure solids are then fed to a pyrolysis gasifier. The gas production module then thermochemically decomposes the manure solids in the absence of air to produce syngas. The gas is then scrubbed of impurities and compressed for storage.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">Using a Fischer-Tropsch process, the hydrogen and carbon in the gas is then converted in the system’s final stage into no-sulfur renewable diesel products. The Fischer-Tropsch process had been used to convert other feedstocks to renewable diesel but until recently was never proven to work with manure, let alone on a farm.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">Perhaps more importantly than producing diesel, the process also produces a refined wax product in a controllable diesel-to-wax ratio. McCorkle says the wax product’s market value is three times that of the renewable diesel and can be further processed or blended off-site with other petroleum products, such as jet fuel or kerosene.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">“We exceeded our own expectations on the first pass,” McCorkle says. “We were able to control the types and factions of liquids and waxes created. And we were able to attain the optimal ratio of liquids and waxes. This satisfies our business model of making enough diesel fuel for farm use and selling the wax products off-farm to create additional profit centers from manure.”</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">The system on Scott Brothers Dairy that produces renewable diesel products was built at pilot-project scale, meaning it is not commercially sized nor automated enough in order to operate 24-7 with minimal manpower.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">If the dairy had an adequately sized liquid fuels production module that ran continuously, it could produce at least 1 gallon of diesel fuel from three cows’ manure for a day. Right now the system can convert only one-eighth of the dairy’s gasified manure per day and has not yet been automated to run continuously.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">The first production run of renewable diesel products was evaluated in an on-site lab as well as sent to an external lab for validation. Future production runs will be tested to validate the fuel is consistently comparable, or superior, to other diesel fuels. Initial tests have shown the fuel has very similar characteristics to pump diesel but without detectable levels of sulfur. Even ultra low-sulfur pump diesel contains up to 15 ppm of sulfur.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">When asked if it passed the sniff test and whether he would put it in his own tractor, Scott says: “No question about it.”</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">McCorkle suggests the next steps toward a commercially viable, 24-7 system require more funding to upsize the liquid fuels production module in order to match the size of the rest of the system and to demonstrate that the system can run continuously and more automatically with predictable results and with minimal personnel.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">McCorkle is optimistic both goals can be achieved. For now, his countenance glows over the petrochemical milestone he and the dairy have achieved almost entirely by themselves.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">“We didn’t achieve these results in a large, complex refinery with tens of engineers, chemists and scientists. We achieved these results with only a handful of people working in a remote farm environment,” McCorkle says.</span></div>
<div style="line-height:13.5pt;vertical-align:baseline;font-style:inherit;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#333333;">Article Credit - <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.progressivedairy.com/features/producers/13532-california-dairy-turns-manure-into-renewable-diesel"><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;">Progressive Dairy (</span></a><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.progressivedairy.com/">www.progressivedairy.com</a>)</span></div>
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<div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;">The work was done by Stephen McCorkle, Agricultural Waste Solutions, Inc, Westlake Village, CA 91261</span></div>
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<div class="yiv9519933737MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;">Their telephone number is 805-551-0116</span></div>
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