[Stoves] Between PM 2.5 and PM 10

[Dean Still]

[image: Inline image 1]

>From Jim Jetter's paper showing the production of Ultra Fine Particles from
various stoves.

Dean

On Wed, Jun 5, 2013 at 1:00 PM, Julien Winter <winter.julien at gmail.com>wrote:

> Hi Stovers;
>
> I was at a lecture a couple of months ago given by Dr. Paul Connett
> (St. Lawrence University, NY) on the environmental risks of
> gasification of municipal solid waste.  One of the things he mentioned
> was the heath risks of nano particles.  He said that they can be small
> enough to cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain.
> I searched the Web of Science to see if this kind of pollution was
> being measured with cookstoves, and found the following:
>
>
> Hosgood, HD; Lan, Q ; Vermeulen, R; Wei, H; Reiss, B; Coble, J; Wei,
> FS; Jun, X; Wu, GP; Rothman, N (2012)  Combustion-derived nanoparticle
> exposure and household solid fuel use in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China.
> International Journal Of Environmental Health Research  22: 571-581
> DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.684147
>
> Abstract: Combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) have not been
> readably measurable until recently. We conducted a pilot study to
> determine CDNP levels during solid fuel burning. The aggregate surface
> area of CDNP (mu m(2)/cm(3)) was monitored continuously in 15 Chinese
> homes using varying fuel types (i.e. bituminous coal, anthracite coal,
> wood) and stove types (i.e. portable stoves, stoves with chimneys,
> firepits). Information on fuel burning activities was collected and
> PM2.5 levels were measured. Substantial exposure differences were
> observed during solid fuel burning (mean: 228.1 mu m(2)/cm(3))
> compared to times without combustion (mean: 14.0 mu m(2)/cm(3)). The
> observed levels during burning were reduced by about four-fold in
> homes with a chimney (mean: 92.1 mu m(2)/cm(3); n = 9), and effects
> were present for all fuel types. Each home's CDNP measurement was only
> moderately correlated with the respective PM2.5 measurements (r(2) =
> 0.43; p = 0.11). Our results indicate that household coal and wood
> burning contributes to indoor nanoparticle levels, which are not fully
> reflected in PM2.5 measurements.
>
> There is an erratum for this article  that corrects the authorship H.
> Dean Hosgood, Roel Vermeulen, Hu Wei, Boris Reiss, Joseph Coble,
> Fusheng Wei, Xu Jun, Guoping Wu, Nat Rothman and Qing Lan
>
>
> This paper is about CDNP released from stoves, but it does briefly
> review research on toxicology:
>
> • there is evidence that toxicity increases with decreasing particle size
> • the ultrafine size fraction has been found to induce the greater
> levels of inflammation and oxidative damage than it’s larger
> counterparts.
> • it has been suggested that due to their small diameter,
> nanoparticles are capable of penetrating epithelial cells, entering
> the bloodstream from the lungs
>
> • animal studies have shown pro-inflammatory effects after inhalation
> exposure; proinflammatory gene transcription has been observed as a
> result of oxidative stress associated with CDNP (Shukla et al. 2000);
> carbon nanoparticles have been found to exacerbate airway inflammation
> and alter cytokine expression; CDNP induction of cellular reactive
> oxygen species (ROS) production and toxic oxidative stress.
>
>
> For TLUDs, I think we should be concerned about polynuclear aromatic
> hydrocarbons and dioxins in these nanoparticles.
>
> It may be that TLUD emissions are infinitely preferable to 3-stone
> emissions, but where possible, I would suggest that cookstoves have
> some sort of chimney.
>
> Regards,
> Julien
>
> --
> Julien Winter
> Cobourg, ON, CANADA
>
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