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<DIV><FONT size=2 face=Arial>Dear Crispin</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"> The basic concept I
propose is as follows:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">1: Slurry the dung with
water</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">2: Filter the water and any
solubles and press the remaining dung cake.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">3: Shape and dry the remaining
dung cake</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">1: Slurry the dung:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Mix the dung with water, to an
"adequate" degree of dilution, such that most of the solubles will be dissolve
in the wash water. If water is readily available, and if there is a large need
for irrigation water for agriculture, then single stage washing can probably be
used. If water is scarce, and if the scale of operation is small, it might be
better to do a "two stage wash", </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">2: Filtering</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Separation of the water from the
slurry can be done in a number of ways. The first stage of water and solubles
separation is probably best done by simple decantation. Floating material can be
skimmed off the top, and relatively clear liquid can then be drained off.
However, it should be filtered through cloth, to ensure that a clear liquid is
produced, if the manure tea is to be used in a "fertigation system" involving
relatively small distribution nozzles that may be prone to plugging. The
remaining bottom material will still be very wet, and is probably best dewatered
using a filter press system, or filter bags. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">3: Shaping the washed
dung.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Depending on the desired end
use, the moist washed dung can then be shaped to the desired final shape, and
then dried. Obviously, many shapes are possible:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">* Briquettes</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">* Pellets</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">* Sheets</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">* Etc.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">The washed dung will tend to be
high in lignin, and relatively low in cellulose, in that the animal would have
digested much of the original cellulose in the feed. Depending on the degree of
washing and the characteristics of the washed dung, it may, or may not have
sufficient binders to hold the washed dung together in the desired shape.
Experimental work would be necessary to determine if added binders would be
required, and quantities required. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Following are my comments on the
replies received to date....</SPAN></P></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"
dir=ltr>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=crispinpigott@gmail.com href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com">Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">'Discussion of biomass cooking
stoves'</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, December 06, 2010 1:48
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the
dung pile</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Dear Doctor
Dung<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">The offer is welcome. Perhaps
the answer is to briquette it then, using the process to wash it. Leach, I can
see, standing in a perforated container.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p># I would suggest that
teh washing must be done before briquetting. Frank (see below) suggests one
good looking way to wash teh dung.</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Water is often a simultaneous
constraint but there will be places where dung and water are available, which
means a market.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"># The process would be of
greatest advantage in connection with a farming operation, where the leached
solubles can be productively used for both watering and fertilizing of crops.
If tehre is not such a farming use for the washed solubles, then there could
be a significant disposal problem.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Remember that in this region
the stoves will all have a chimney because space heating is desperately
required. Leakage will be a more important consideration than emissions
(though obviously I favour reducing emissions as well).</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"># This would certainly be
helpful for the occupants inside teh house, but if a lot of dung is being
burned, and if the location is prone to inversions, where teh smoke "hangs
low", then there could be a community pollution problem.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </P>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message -----
<DIV>From: "frank" <<A
href="mailto:frank@compostlab.com">frank@compostlab.com</A>></DIV>
<DIV>To: "Discussion of biomass cooking stoves" <<A
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</A>></DIV>
<DIV>Sent: Monday, December 06, 2010 2:01 PM</DIV>
<DIV>Subject: Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the dung pile</DIV></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>Stovers,<BR><BR>I have washed a lot of dung and compost. We
like to have it clean : ) <BR>When doing weed seed testing we wash out all the
salts and soluble <BR>organics that, if remained, can make the mix go
anaerobic. We wash until <BR>the electrical conductivity is less than 1
mmhos/cm. Then place the mud <BR>on a bed of sand to let drain and air both
above and below. Then add <BR>seeds to one corner to make sure if there were
weed seeds they have the <BR>conditions to grow.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># It is the soluble salts and
organics that are teh most valuable agricultural nutrients. I am guessing that
teh soluble organics would have a tendancy to hold water and slow the natural
drying of dung. Removing them from teh remaining fiber should allow easier
drying. Washing to give a conductivity of less than 1 mmhos/cm would certainly
be necessary in a repeatable test, but such repeatable results may not be
required when the end product is intended for fuel.</FONT><BR><BR>The washing
is done by the following: Place dung in a five gallon <BR>bucket., fill with
water and mix. Prepare a smaller plastic bucket by <BR>cutting out the bottom
, duct tape a fine mesh screen over the bottom. <BR>With up-N-down motion move
the smaller bucked down through the muddy <BR>water. The up-N-down keeps the
screen clean. The water that goes into <BR>the small bucket is removed by a
smaller bucket until as much of the <BR>water as possible is removed. Then
repeat the process until the water is <BR>clear or the EC is below one
mmhos/cm.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># This sounds like a very good
basic process.Cheap and simple.</FONT><BR><BR></P>
<DIV>----- Original Message -----
<DIV>From: <<A
href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</A>></DIV>
<DIV>To: "Discussion of biomass cooking stoves" <<A
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</A>>;
"Crispin Pemberton-Pigott" <<A
href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com">crispinpigott@gmail.com</A>></DIV>
<DIV>Cc: <<A
href="mailto:wastemin1@verizon.net">wastemin1@verizon.net</A>>; "Stoves"
<<A
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</A>></DIV>
<DIV>Sent: Monday, December 06, 2010 6:26 PM</DIV>
<DIV>Subject: Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the dung pile</DIV></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>> Dear Crispin, Kevin, Frank and all,<BR>> <BR>> I
have read the later responses, and I like the "washing", but only if
<BR>> it is clearly shown that a type of dung (each type to be
considered <BR>> separately) does emit "bad stuff" if not
washed. Or wash it if <BR>> nutient value for plants is shown
to make it worthwhile.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># I don't have specific
references to investigations showing that "dung fuel is hazardous", but I do
know that combustion of organic materials containing chl;orides will produce
dioxins. I have seen somewhere that there is a high incidence of blindness
among elderly Indian Women who have tended dung fires. Manure tea is well
known for its advantages to agriculture.</FONT><BR>> <BR>> Otherwise,
the extra work (and water that might not be plentiful) <BR>> could
make dung fuel to be too much trouble to be well utilized widely.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># Good point. There must be
clear and palpable benefits from teh extra effort required to wash the dung.
Such benefits could include:</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>1: Better burning
fuel</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>2: valuable fertilizer
benefit</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>3: Cleaner and more acceptable
fuel, less liable to harbour insects and pests, easier to handle,
etc.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>4: Health benefit</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>5: Higher calorific value per
pound or kg of fuel, due to higher lignin content.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>6: Others?</FONT> <BR>>
<BR>> Washed or not, I like dung fuel, have used it a little in India,
and <BR>> would like to be part of the team.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># It seems a shame to burn the
fertilizer components of manure.</FONT><BR>> <BR>> In case you couldn't
guess, my interest is in using dung fuel in TLUDs <BR>> (of various
designs). Because TLUDs need "chunky dry biomass", I
<BR>> will work on having appropriate sizes. Here are some initial
thoughts:<BR>> <BR>> 1. Llama dung is the right size, as is the
size from sheep and some <BR>> other animals. "Correct size"
dung should not be washed (unless shown <BR>> to be with undesirable
emissions. And that refers to the emissions <BR>> from TLUDs
that have great abilities for nearly eliminating CO and PM.
<BR>> But does the other "bad stuff" get through the TLUD fire?
Not yet <BR>> studied, as far as I know.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># A major objection to Municipal
Solid Waste Incinerators comes from tehir production of dioxins. This is well
documented. Dioxins can be removed from such gas streams, but a special
"dioxin capture system" is required. If TLUD's burn a fuel containing
chlorides, tehy will definitely produce dioxins, and if teh TLUD's do not have
a dioxin capture system, they will indeed be releasing dioxins.</FONT><BR>>
<BR>> 2. Llamas have the nice habit of pooping in just a few
locations. <BR>> Easy to collect it. And it is already in
use widely in the high Andes <BR>> mountains area. And llamas
as "luxury animals" or pets or for fine <BR>> hair fibers are now
found in the Affluent societies, so there is <BR>> moderate access to
the dung for experimental purposes.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># Certainly, this behaviour
pattern can be used to great advantage. However, to eliminate the dioxin
concern, teh well shaped llama and sheep poo would have to be washed, and in
tgeh process, this initial shape advanyage would be lost.</FONT><BR>>
<BR>> 3. For TLUDs. in India we made dung tablets. Could work
also with <BR>> washed dung, maybe even better if washed. And
it can be mixed with <BR>> sawdust or rice husks or other
small-particle biomass that could even <BR>> be wet/green because the
tablets need to be dried. The dung (or <BR>> mixture) is spread
out on a firm flat surface (board, cement, asphalt, <BR>> whatever)
about 1 to 3 cm thick. While wet, it is "scored" or <BR>>
imprinted with the edge of a piece of metal (like a license plate) or
<BR>> wood form. The imprints are parallel and about 3 to 6 cm apart,
and <BR>> then again imprinted perpendicular to the first
lines. When the dung <BR>> is dry, the tablets hang together in
pieces with 4 to 8 tablets <BR>> together. Can be turned with a
spatula (a large one) for drying on <BR>> the bottom. When
fully dried, they are placed into bags or boxes. <BR>> the user
finishes breaking them into the individual tablets when <BR>> placing
the fuel into the TLUD (or other stove.).</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># As mentioned initially, teh
washing process may remove natural binder substances, and replacement binders
may be required. </FONT><BR>> <BR>> So, let's have an outline of a plan
of actions. Do it on the Stoves <BR>> Listserv in case we can
attract a few more participants.<BR>> <BR>> Paul "Dr.
TLUD"<BR>> Proud to be working with "Captain Dung" or what was Kevin's
name?</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Aheeem... "Dr. Dung." ;-) This
is in addition to my other titles of "Dr Poo", where I fixed a sewage
treatment plant, and "Dr. Slime" where I showed a friend how to eliminate
slime from her fish pond.</FONT><BR>> <BR></P>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message -----
<DIV>From: <<A
href="mailto:ajheggie@gmail.com">ajheggie@gmail.com</A>></DIV>
<DIV>To: "Discussion of biomass cooking stoves" <<A
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</A>></DIV>
<DIV>Sent: Monday, December 06, 2010 6:42 PM</DIV>
<DIV>Subject: Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the dung pile</DIV></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>> On Monday 06 December 2010 17:22:14 Kevin
wrote:<BR>> <BR>>><BR>>> Years and years ago, I started a
thread about using dung fuels and<BR>>> interest in it was very
conspicuous by its absence.<BR>> <BR>> The my first swirl stove which I
demonstrated to Ronal when he was here in <BR>> 2002 was fabricated in
order to burn dung, I had a snappy name for <BR>> it ;-). Horse dung is a
problem here because the small fields used <BR>> for "horseyculture" become
horse sick from overgrazing and stabled horses <BR>> produce dunged bedding
which the owners are not in a position to deal <BR>> with. Often because
they are bedded on woodflakes the stable owners burn <BR>> the heap in a
smouldering mass with a characteristic sickly sweet smell. <BR>> One of the
reasons I looked at the problem was because heavy stocking led <BR>> to
parasitic worm infestations, some of the anthelmic treatments also <BR>>
killed earth worms. So some owners would even collect the dung from the
<BR>> fields.<BR>> <BR># Reduction of such disease and parasite
problems could be another benefit to clooecting dung, and washing it for fuel.
However, this might concentrate teh problem. On teh other hand, if the
pathogens "stayed with the washed dung", then they would end up being disposed
of by burning <BR>> <BR>> <BR>>> From what I can <BR>>>
understand, dung fuels are about the worst possible fuel, "as is",<BR>>>
because of moisture and chlorides. Moisture makes for difficult<BR>>>
burning, <BR>> <BR>> Yes often over the 80 odd % that means the energy
needed to volatilise the <BR>> moisture exceeds the heat available in the
fuel.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># If the dung is sun dried
before being burned, teh problem will be significantly lessened</FONT><BR>>
<BR>> <BR>>> and chlorides make dioxins. <BR>> <BR>> I agree
dioxins must have chlorine but I thought the route was via the <BR>> break
down of an organic chloride rather than the dissociation of an <BR>>
mineral chloride.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># No. Dioxins are formed at the
"tail end of the combustion process", when the liberated chlorides, from
either organic or inorganic sources, recombine with products of incomplete
production.</FONT><BR>> <BR>> <BR>>> I advocated washing the dung,
to extract the solubles, and then using<BR>>> the water extract as a
liquid fertilizer. Then dry the residue, for use<BR>>> as a fuel. It
should then be a superior fuel to wood, in that it would<BR>>> have a
higher percentage of lignin, which has a higher heating value<BR>>> per
pound than cellulostic biomass.<BR>> <BR>> <BR>> Even better if the
dung has been through an anaerobic process first, then <BR>> all the
volatile solids are gone, the soluble minerals are in the "tea" <BR>> but
how to separate the solid from the tea, drying is no good as this <BR>>
would leave the minerals in the dried sludge. A farmer friend of mine <BR>>
with an anaerobic digester for his dairy herd has a separator but I have
<BR>> no idea how it works, the output still looks pretty wet.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># Anaerobic digestion will, of
course, yield methane as a fuel. The discharge from such a digester has all
teh mineral nutrients, and all the lignin from the animal feed. However, it is
a problem operating a thermophyllic or mesophyllic digester in cold climate
situations. Frank's method (above) or some variant, could seperate out the
liquid from teh anaerobic sludge, for direct field
application.</FONT><BR>>><BR>>> Leaching the solubles from the
"raw dung" should remove the chlorides,<BR>>> and should virtually
eliminate the creation of dioxins, while at the<BR>>> same time, produce
an excellent fertilizer solution, containing Ca, P,<BR>>> K, and
organics beneficial to plant growth.... hormones, proteins, and<BR>>>
nitrogen compounds.<BR>> <BR>> Yes this is what I would hope for.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Yes, it does work, as evidenced
by teh success of those using "manure tea."</FONT></P><FONT color=#000000
size=2></FONT></o:p></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p>
<P class=MsoNormal><BR> </P>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message -----
<DIV>From: "frank" <<A
href="mailto:frank@compostlab.com">frank@compostlab.com</A>></DIV>
<DIV>To: "Discussion of biomass cooking stoves" <<A
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</A>></DIV>
<DIV>Cc: <<A
href="mailto:wastemin1@verizon.net">wastemin1@verizon.net</A>></DIV>
<DIV>Sent: Monday, December 06, 2010 7:07 PM</DIV>
<DIV>Subject: Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the dung pile</DIV></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>> Paul and all,<BR>> <BR>> When washing dung most
disappears in the wash water. So you are left <BR>> with a fraction
of what you started with and a lot of anaerobic solution <BR>> that will
need aeration to stable before a lot can be applied.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># Since manure is applied
directly to soil without an aerobic treatment, why couldn't the manure tea be
directly applied without aeration?</FONT><BR>> <BR>> The minerals in
dung (not washed) will convert to carbonate (CaCO3, <BR>> NaCO3 etc)
form so there will be more liming of the soil if the salts <BR>> are not
washed out (I think this is what happens). This not necessarily <BR>> a bad
thing. If heated higher it may go to oxides. The oxides are more
<BR>> of a problem because there is no buffering to keep the pH from going
too <BR>> high when applied in high amounts.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2># I would think that the main
soluble minerals in dung would be sodium and potassium chlorides. There may be
a danger in very dry areas of sodium buildup in the soils.</FONT><BR>>
<BR>> The more minerals may cause more deposit in the stove as a
crust. Has <BR>> this been seen in our small stoves? I have ashed a
lot of organic <BR>> biomass material at 550 deg C and found a very small
fraction of samples <BR>> form more than an ash that is easily removed from
the container.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000 size=2>I don't know enough about teh
mineral constituents of dungs. Burning tests using teh washed dung would
quickly show if ash was a concern.</FONT></P><FONT color=#000000
size=2></FONT></o:p></SPAN></DIV><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"
dir=ltr><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"
dir=ltr>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=adkarve@gmail.com href="mailto:adkarve@gmail.com">Anand Karve</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Discussion of biomass cooking
stoves</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, December 06, 2010 11:32
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the
dung pile</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Dear Crispin,</DIV>
<DIV>dung cakes are regularly used as fuel even in India. In areas
where the rainfall is scanty, and there are no trees, dung is used as
the main cooking fuel. In the high Himalaya, above the tree line, yak
dung is the only fuel available to the locals. The ash content of dung is
normally very high. In the case of animals eating mainly grass, the ash
would consist mainly of silica. I have heard of a of filter press,
which can remove the water from the dung along with the dissolved
minerals. This would leave a product with a higher calorific
value. It can be briquetted and sold as a standard fuel.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2 face=Arial># While the ash content might be
high, that would only be a concern if it caused slagging. Washing teh dung
would remove teh soluble minerals, which usually act as fluxes, lowering the
ash melting temperature. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV>Yours</DIV>
<DIV>A.D.Karve<BR></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"
dir=ltr>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=rstanley@legacyfound.org
href="mailto:rstanley@legacyfound.org">Richard Stanley</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Discussion of biomass
cooking stoves</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, December 07, 2010
12:21 AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] Drawing down
the dung pile</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>AD, Crispin, Frank, Kevin and all others concerned
with dung briquettes,
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>While in Arusha Tanzania recently, I discovered that one of the lead
briquette trainers in Kenya, Francis Kavita, has been teaching the Masaai
how to make co dung briquettes for the past several months. Your insights,
Kevin and frank about carcinogens/ chloride blindness etc are
intersting and I have duely passed them on to Francis. </DIV>
<DIV>As to dilution of nasty compounds the normal wet low pressure
briquetting process uses water--- but rarely is anything wasted in the
process. The water expelled for the cylinder on compression, is recycled
as well. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2 face=Arial># OK! Such recycling of teh
"wash water" or "manure tea" would give a tea of higher concentration, and
this could be advantageous in areas where water is scarce.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>However the practice of washing away unwanted elements is common to
briquetters as it is to conventional washing of seeds, beans cassava
and other plant material in traditional food preparation. In
briquetting, certain carcinogenic and foul smelling glues in certain
types of cartonboard are diluted nad washed off this way. There is no real
reason that the same technique could be applied for preparing "clean cow
dung" as well.</DIV>
<DIV> Will revert back to the group with what Francis says about all
this..when he next finds a nearby internet cafe with electricity or
at least petrol for their generator. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2 face=Arial># Yes, it would be helpful to
have his feedback.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>Thanks again though for the insights.</DIV>
<DIV>Richard Stanley</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Best wishes,</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2 face=Arial>Kevin Chisholm, aka "Dr.
Dung."</FONT><BR>> <BR></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></o:p></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<DIV
style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"
lang=EN-US>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"
lang=EN-US> stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org
[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <B>On Behalf Of
</B>Kevin<BR><B>Sent:</B> 07 December 2010 01:22<BR><B>To:</B> Discussion of
biomass cooking stoves<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the dung
pile<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></P>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Dear
Crispin</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Years
and years ago, I started a thread about using dung fuels and interest in it
was very conspicuous by its absence. From what I can understand, dung fuels
are about the worst possible fuel, "as is", because of moisture and chlorides.
Moisture makes for difficult burning, and chlorides make dioxins. Also, the
very people who are so desperate as to need to burn dung for fuels are usually
the same people who are equivalently desperate for fertilizer. I understand
also that blindness is very common with Indian Women who have been using dung
fuels.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">I
advocated washing the dung, to extract the solubles, and then using the water
extract as a liquid fertilizer. Then dry the residue, for use as a fuel. It
should then be a superior fuel to wood, in that it would have a higher
percentage of lignin, which has a higher heating value per pound than
cellulostic biomass.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Leaching
the solubles from the "raw dung" should remove the chlorides, and should
virtually eliminate the creation of dioxins, while at the same time, produce
an excellent fertilizer solution, containing Ca, P, K, and organics beneficial
to plant growth.... hormones, proteins, and nitrogen compounds.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">I'd
be glad to work with you, in developing a "dung washing system.". I think it
could help with both fuel and fertilizer needs</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Best
wishes,</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA">Kevin
Chisholm, aka "Doctor Dung." :-)</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P>
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