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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Dear Doctor Dung<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>The offer is welcome. Perhaps the answer is to briquette it then, using the process to wash it. Leach, I can see, standing in a perforated container.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Water is often a simultaneous constraint but there will be places where dung and water are available, which means a market.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Remember that in this region the stoves will all have a chimney because space heating is desperately required. Leakage will be a more important consideration than emissions (though obviously I favour reducing emissions as well).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Thanks<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'> stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Kevin<br><b>Sent:</b> 07 December 2010 01:22<br><b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Drawing down the dung pile<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>Dear Crispin</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>Years and years ago, I started a thread about using dung fuels and interest in it was very conspicuous by its absence. From what I can understand, dung fuels are about the worst possible fuel, "as is", because of moisture and chlorides. Moisture makes for difficult burning, and chlorides make dioxins. Also, the very people who are so desperate as to need to burn dung for fuels are usually the same people who are equivalently desperate for fertilizer. I understand also that blindness is very common with Indian Women who have been using dung fuels.</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>I advocated washing the dung, to extract the solubles, and then using the water extract as a liquid fertilizer. Then dry the residue, for use as a fuel. It should then be a superior fuel to wood, in that it would have a higher percentage of lignin, which has a higher heating value per pound than cellulostic biomass.</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>Leaching the solubles from the "raw dung" should remove the chlorides, and should virtually eliminate the creation of dioxins, while at the same time, produce an excellent fertilizer solution, containing Ca, P, K, and organics beneficial to plant growth.... hormones, proteins, and nitrogen compounds.</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>I'd be glad to work with you, in developing a "dung washing system.". I think it could help with both fuel and fertilizer needs</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>Best wishes,</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'>Kevin Chisholm, aka "Doctor Dung." :-)</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></body></html>