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The only problem with using a "95% Rule" (The test ends when 95% of
the combustion portion of the fuel has burned) is that when we are
testing gasifier stoves like TLUD that are <b>designed to leave
behind the "char"</b>, the mass of the fuel may never get down to
5% of the initial mass... so the emissions test may never actually
"end" (officially)... ;-)<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72"> Lloyd Helferty, Engineering Technologist
Principal, Biochar Consulting (Canada)
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.biochar-consulting.ca">www.biochar-consulting.ca</a>
603-48 Suncrest Blvd, Thornhill, ON, Canada
905-707-8754; 647-886-8754 (cell)
Skype: lloyd.helferty
Steering Committee member, Canadian Biochar Initiative
President, Co-founder & CBI Liaison, Biochar-Ontario
Advisory Committee Member, IBI
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<br>
On 12/15/2010 11:42 AM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott wrote:
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Friends<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Of the age-old questions I when to end a
stove test in order to calculate the CO and PM emissions
(which are the things usually legislated).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family:
"Garamond","serif"; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There has been little agreement in
different US states and few other countries outside Europe
have anything at all. Stoves have very different burning
times, heat generating capacities, fuel loads, burning
properties, refuelling capabilities and purposes. What can we
do that will make comparisons fair and possible?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, here follows a proposal which seems to
work in practise.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The test is started at the time of
ignition.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The test ends when 95% of the combustion
portion of the fuel has burned, leaving 5%.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The combustible portion is the
non-moisture, non-ash portion of the fuel as received (meaning
as it is used in the stove).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When the fuel is weighed, say 5 kg, and
either set aside or loaded into the stove, the total amount is
noted and the moisture content calculated, for example at 15%
= 750 g. That means there is 4250 g of dry fuel there. Then
subtract the ash portion, say it was 3% of the initial mass =
30 g. Final number is 4250-30 = 4220. That is the mass of
‘things which can burn’. 95% of that is 4220 x .95 = 4009 g.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All the moisture is expected to be gone. So
if the whole stove is mounted on a scale the mass change will
be burnables + moisture = 4009+750 = 4759. One the scaled mass
has dropped 4759 g the test is over. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Then the emissions are calculated based on
the MJ of heat theoretically generated (using LHV as
received).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If a scale is not used, then the mass
burned can be determined by weighing the fuel as it is use,
fuel remaining or anything else that shows when 95% of the
fuel is gone. Typically this is late in the dying fire stage
so it is a bit easier then it perhaps sounds.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When do test a stove that includes
refuelling or a number of refuellings, the same calculation
applies. It seems to work very well, gives results
representative of real life and normally has a test time that
is less than a working day.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is offered a test method for rating the
emissions of any type of testing from water boiling to 24/7
space heating.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Regards<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Crispin<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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