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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Jan<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Great questions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>You can contact Peter Coughlin who is making the POCA (Maputo Ceramic Stove)(also on this list). Also there is stove activities conducted by the Industrial Design Department of the University of Johannesburg, and the SeTAR Centre which is situated at one end of the building which houses the ID department. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There has been a long project based at Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo. There are others. There is some sort of coordination body for energy and they will be good to contact (ask Peter C). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I do not know of anything going on in Angola. A report was prepared about cooking there and it is very heavily wood, not charcoal or other fuels.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>ST&P, nothing rumoured this far south.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Clay: the POCA is made from clay because of cost. Metal stoves are expensive and Maputo has few skilled artisans. There is little production capacity, and the idea is to make a very large impact on the charcoal consumption of the city. It was not envisaged in the beginning to make the POCA stoves using rotary equipment (jigger) but a press. Pressed products are even better than the ‘turned’ ones.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Clay in Maputo is about $7 per ton. Steel is $25,000. But that was not the only point. The Maputo Ceramic Stove project was one which intended (and did) make a complete break with the improved stove products of the past, none of which are particularly good or even interesting.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There were two goals: to make a stove from a modern ceramic that benefitted from the full knowledge and expertise of modern clay engineering, and simultaneously to take advantage of what was then the state of the art relating to charcoal burning. We succeeded in both. ProBEC, the initiator of the project, was implementing an ‘access to modern energy’ initiative funded by DGIS (Netherlands gov’t). The goal was to make 350,000 stoves that were cheaper, lasted longer, and burned better than the traditional metal device.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>In the end, the material used is a very advanced material in terms of the knowledge that went into it. There are in fact three material choices at this time, not just one. Part of the success was to view the product as needing something as good as could be made, not just something scraped up from the side of the road. Little is known about clays used in stoves, in spite of many years of testing and manufacturing. It is all ‘art’ not science. Now, after 5 years, a great deal more is known about why clay in most stoves only lasts a year (or as little as a week) and what to do about it. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The future of stoves is ceramic and glass. Both materials are durable, cheap and mass producible, and can be strong though usually aren’t. Steel is expensive, not locally made, needs a lot of transport and taxes, and is often bought through exploitative relationships. It is easy to process in bulk if the scale is large enough, but so is clay.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The design is a different issue. In fact there is a metal version of the POCA which needs a bit of attention as its performance is not as good and there is no reason for it to be like that. Perhaps we can pay attention to that product in 2011/12. The design is a radical departure from the Jiko even though it is also round. It saves approximately 15% of the fuel a Jiko uses but has a much better combustion efficiency (CO/CO2 ratio). It is also being used to roast meat in an inverted position, with the (removable) fuel bowl placed in the inverted body. See attached (Photo, Peter Coughlin). Compared with the baseline metal stove (which is not all that bad a range of products) it saves >40% of the fuel it operated haphazardly and 60% if operated expertly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Clay cost was a major factor. It costs about $10 to make a Jiko anywhere because there is a lot of metal in it, and the liners are not cheap, nor particularly durable. It takes a long time to develop a clay body, usually a year at least, and it is only valid for that one site. The approach taken for the POCA was to work out why clay breaks in stoves, and what to do about it, changing all aspects of the mix and looking for better performance. There are many misconceptions about clays and ceramics throughout the stove community which may explain why clay is often rejected as a material for widespread use. In Asia a clay stove that lasts a year is considered good. Even lasting a year, if they were well designed and had good control of air for higher heat transfer, they would break in a few minutes when subjected to the temperatures that would be encountered. This applies to ‘artisanal clays’ as one finds here and there along rivers. When a company finds a working formula, they tend to make valuable products not stoves. The StoveTec products are examples of the stove designer going to the clay producer and working around the existing, known material. The soon to be arriving GIZ 7.6 stove, a variation of the 7 series coal stoves, will be able to accommodate cheap production refractory bricks (about $1.25) that will last pretty much indefinitely. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Such materials were not available in Maputo so we developed then imported, and are now substituting a really good, low thermal expansion clay (the cracking problem is an expansion problem). Such materials, especially the stronger ones, are much more durable than metal. They can be technically demanding but not necessarily so. In any case, looking ahead 20 or 50 years, ceramics and glass (borosilicate glass) are going to dominate these products because they are basically eternal. They can be remarkable cheap when mass produced. They can even generate electricity and shed light! Metals will struggle to keep up.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The POCA can be treated as an insert in a larger metal stove, especially a multiple burner one. The major advantage is not the material, but the combustion and fuel savings. When people learn how to light a smaller fuel load, breaking it up to increase the surface area, it can save a lot of fuel without anything more than 2 ceramic parts. It has preheated primary air, separated preheated secondary air, a proper flame space above the fuel (notoriously missing from virtually all charcoal stoves including the Maputo baseline products), and can be produced rapidly. The product has a high performance repeatability index assuring funders that it delivers the goods. It can be stacked and shipped. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I would be happier of the material they have chosen to make it from was stronger – there are two choices available. I understand from Peter that a very much improved material will be introduced soon. Having seen the light, so to speak, about the materials and combustor design, there is now a new target for other designers and producers. It is particularly efficient when simmering if operated well (over 60%) without adding a performance enhancing skirt (which anyone could do) or finned pots (which are inevitable).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>ProBEC was recently given a major energy project implementation award, with the POCA mentioned specifically as the main reason. It is not sweeping the stove world but it has gained recognition from many who understand its technical advances, made in an extremely deprived local environment. Mozambique was at that time the second poorest country in the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Best regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin in Johannesburg<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>+++++++</span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>I’m new to this website and am wondering if anyone aware of a country-by-country summary of clean cookstove projects in the developing world? I don’t see one on the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves website which is where I thought it would be.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>I’m particularly interested in finding out what clean cookstove projects have been undertaken or are currently being undertaken in Mozambique, Angola or Sao Tome and Principe. I know Crispin has been involved in Mozambique with a ceramic stove and an organization called Greenlight isalso working there. Is anyone aware of any others? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>My question for Crispin is what is the argument for promoting ceramic stoves versus more durable ones? Is it primarily cost? What is the difference in cost?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Jan Bianchi<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>