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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Dear <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Boston</st1:place></st1:City><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Thanks for your cite. Professor Makkar’s
studies have focused on how to detoxify jatropha seeds to make them edible for
animals. One of the projects that he and his colleagues are working on is
the use of jatropha oil in cookstoves. <a
href="http://ec.europa.eu/research/agriculture/pdf/events/4jatropha_en.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/research/agriculture/pdf/events/4jatropha_en.pdf</a>
I don’t think it would be accurate to imply that he opposes
these efforts. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>As an amateur woodworker, I am also well
aware that wood is full of toxins. See this list for a start.
<a href="http://www.dave-wilcox.com/Woodturning/toxics.aspx">http://www.dave-wilcox.com/Woodturning/toxics.aspx</a>.
I choose to build furniture nevertheless.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Interestingly,
both the curcin and the phorbol esters in jatropha seeds can have a tumor-inhibiting
impact too. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=navy
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpp/pdf/%20pdf2009/November/Balaji%20et%20al.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>Phorbol<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>esters
are co-carcinogens which themselves do not induce<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>tumors
but promote tumor growth following exposure to a<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>subcarcinogenic
dose of carcinogen [</span></font><font size=2 color=blue face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:blue'>13</span></font><font
size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
AdvPTimes;color:black'>]. Apart from the<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>co-carcinogenic
activity, many phorbol esters (reported<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>from
other plant source) also exert beneficial biological<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>effects
without tumor promotion, such as prostratin [</span></font><font size=2
color=blue face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;
color:blue'>75</span></font><font size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>].<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>Some
naturally occurring phorbol esters are reported to be<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>tumor
inhibitors [</span></font><font size=2 color=blue face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:blue'>76</span></font><font
size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
AdvPTimes;color:black'>] and Phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 color=black
face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>has
been shown to be active against the P 388 lymphocytic<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>leukemia in mice [</span></font><font
size=2 color=blue face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
AdvPTimes;color:blue'>77</span></font><font size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>, </span></font><font
size=2 color=blue face=AdvPTimes><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
AdvPTimes;color:blue'>78</span></font><font size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'>]. <a
href="https://jatropha.uni-hohenheim.de/uploads/media/7--diterpene_review_02.pdf">https://jatropha.uni-hohenheim.de/uploads/media/7--diterpene_review_02.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=AdvPTimes><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvPTimes;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Just a reminder about how complicated this
all is. As with many things, it is a matter of degree. None of
these articles address either degree or how these properties may behave in
smoke. Therefore, the need to study this further. You are absolutely
correct that the testing needs to include smoke at all stages of the burn.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Jan<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org
[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Boston Nyer<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Tuesday, August 16, 2011
10:53 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Discussion
of biomass cooking stoves</st1:PersonName><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Stoves] Jatropha and
its future</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>FYI: In addition to being
toxic when ingested (as previously discussed), some phorbol esters can activate
tumors. Although compounds may break down during the normal cycle of the
stove, they may not when it is being lit. When testing the toxicity of
emissions from J stoves, we must test at the various times during
pyrolysis. In my opinion we should be extremely cautious regarding the
toxicity before promoting this stuff. If you are interested in literature
on the toxicity of Jatropha, Harrinder Makkar at the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Hoffenheim</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>
has published a significant amount.<br>
<br>
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Boston</st1:place></st1:City><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>On Tue, Aug 16, 2011 at 10:11 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a
href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com" target="_blank">crispinpigott@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div link=blue vlink=purple>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Dear Roger</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'> </span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>></span></font><font size=2><span
lang=EN-CA style='font-size:10.0pt'>I am curious if this "log" was an
extruded or pressed product. </span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>It is a pressed/extruded log (same
thing) using no binder save the lignin in the material. The diameter is about
110 mm and the length about 250/300mm – will check.</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>The colour is ‘pine’ so I would
say, golden.</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>>…</span></font><font size=2><span
lang=EN-CA style='font-size:10.0pt'>The moisture content is known to be about
8%. </span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>It varies with storage. The production
process dries the wood almost completely (hot) and it picks up some moisture
after that.</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>></span></font><font size=2><span
lang=EN-CA style='font-size:10.0pt'>It is approx 8500 btu/lb, </span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>That would be 8500 x 1055 x 2.2046
(lbs/kg) = 19.8 MJ per kg which is definitely a ‘dried’ energy
content.</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>With 8% moisture it is about 17 MJ/kg
for typical hardwood.</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>>…</span></font><font size=2><span
lang=EN-CA style='font-size:10.0pt'>and gives a burn time of up to 12 hours (in
our stove) </span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>It is important that you express this
burn time together with a kW rating (or BTU if you can work that out instead).</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>A couple of contributors explained this
before but here is a repeat:</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>8500 BTU’s / lb in the 2.2 kg log.</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>That is 8500 x 1055 x 2.2 = 43,493,000
Joules total heat content (43.4 MJ)</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>One Watt is 1 joule per second of
energy.</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>12 hours = 12 x 60 minutes x 60 seconds
= 43,200 seconds.</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>43,493,000 Joules / 43,200 seconds =
1007 Watts average heat output on a continuous basis. That is the same as
saying ‘the power output is 1 kW’ average.</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>></span></font><font size=2><span
lang=EN-CA style='font-size:10.0pt'>Funny thing is I get more smoke at a higher
heat output than the medium to lower end. </span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>That has to do with the availability of
secondary air and the combustion environment (including its physical size).</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>></span></font><font size=2><span
lang=EN-CA style='font-size:10.0pt'>Estimated <font color="#1f497d"><span
style='color:#1F497D'>[heat] </span></font>output at 27,000 high, 5,000 btu low
output. </span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Per what? Per hour? Per day? It is not
clear. 5000 BTU’s is 5.275 MJ. If that was per hour, it is 1.465 kW. The
27,000 = 7.9 kW. If it takes 12 hours to burn the log, (and in fact there is
still some coals left) it averages 1 kW heat output average.</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>An earlier point I was making about
Mongolian space heating is that the homes need between 4 and 12 kW on a
continuous basis. We would need to burn at about your ‘medium’
power level continuously to keep the place warm. The largest stoves we work
with in homes are 20 kW, equivalent to about 1.3 kg of wood per hour (depending
on the moisture content).</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Any stove sold there has to be able to
cook a 16 inch diameter wok, and to boil 9 litres of water (in the wok) in less
than 1.5 hours from ignition (or it won’t be considered at all for the
programme). Some stoves can boil it in 30 minutes, but 90 is the upper limit.
Mass production facilities are available. It has to retail under $150.</span></font><span
lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Good luck with the EPA testing and alla
that. Please keep us informed about how it goes.</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-CA
style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Crispin</span></font><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><br>
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