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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Frank<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:navy'>My main disagreement is the term Fixed Carbon and that it means the total weigh DAF where it should be a measure of carbon in that fraction. I will need to get over that. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I assure you that Fixed Carbon does not have a clear and scientific meaning. I have given up hope with analyses that use the term. That means, it is ‘helpful’ but not an exact measure of anything.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>It really is taken to mean the carbon that happens not to disappear when the sample is treated in a certain way. Treat it in another way and the ‘fixed’ portion changes so it is an inherent property of the protocol times the fuel, not a property of the fuel alone.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The coal industry is so large that they feel they can get away with internal definitions and that makes huge problems for stovers because we never really know what we are being handed to burn. With biomass that has historically been the ‘chemistry’ of the fuel contents. But the principal users of ‘fixed carbon’ are the coal consumers like power stations. To give the DAF value of anything is misleading because we need to know what % it is of the fuel, not of part of the fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There are many tricks played by people promoting processed fuels that involve switching the fuel energy content numbers during the conversation. For example, people will report the ‘as received’ heat content as the fuel’s heating value (which is true) and then point out that their ‘Processing’ increases this to a much higher ‘DAF value’ showing a ‘60% increase in energy per kg’ even though it takes energy to remove the water and calculate out the ash. Plain fraud. Whenever someone reports the energy content you have to not only ask on what basis the figure was derived, but also investigate the protocol to see if it really is what it claims to be. Many people believe that there is free energy to be harvested in this manner.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>