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Hello Kevin: This seems quite odd to me. I would not expect
animals to want to ingest char however I shall add a few chunks into
the chicken pen and watch for the results. I would not expect the
char to act like oyster shell or grit in the crop but to be honest I
do not know so I shall observe and I have one rooster isolated for
the next family dinner so I can feed some into his pen and if he
ingests it I will examine the crop when he is killed to see how it
"looks" compared to the stones and grain normally seen. Regards,
Gerrie<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Regards, Gerrie Baker, aka The Worm Lady
Dedicated to delivering organic waste solutions through education and demonstrations of worm composting habitats indoors and outside. Focused on converting garbage to gardens and encouraging people to grow their own healthy nutritious food and beautiful edible flowers.
The Worm Factory
874 Grady Road, Foley Mountain
Westport, ON K0G 1X0
613-273-7595
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.thewormfactory.ca">www.thewormfactory.ca</a></pre>
<br>
On 31/10/2011 7:44 PM, Kevin wrote:
<blockquote
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<div><font face="Arial" size="2">Dear Tom</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2">Given that biochar seems to be a
good addition to manure and compost, what about purposely
adding it to food scraps intended for animal feed, for the
medicinal benefit that ingested charcoal may provide?</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2">1: Is there any known detrimental
effect to animals consuming charcoal?</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2">2: Is there any reason to believe
that animals would find charcoal fines in their food as
unpalatable?</font></div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2">3: Would chickens perhaps seek
out charcoal particles as a "grit substitute?"</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2">If nothing else, at least manure
from animals fed charcoal would produce "pre-biocharred
manure." :-)</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2">Best wishes,</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial" size="2">Kevin</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>
<blockquote style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);
padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 0px; margin-left: 5px;
margin-right: 0px;" dir="ltr">
<div style="font: 10pt arial;">----- Original Message ----- </div>
<div style="font: 10pt arial; background: none repeat scroll 0%
0% rgb(228, 228, 228);"><b>From:</b> <a
moz-do-not-send="true" title="tmiles@trmiles.com"
href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com">Tom Miles</a> </div>
<div style="font: 10pt arial;"><b>To:</b> <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
title="stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">'Discussion of
biomass cooking stoves'</a> </div>
<div style="font: 10pt arial;"><b>Sent:</b> Monday, October 31,
2011 6:17 PM</div>
<div style="font: 10pt arial;"><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves]
[biochar-production] Re: Stoves Digest, Vol 14,Issue 17</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Frank,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">I can understand that carbon in
different forms degrades at different rates. And dry AD
systems are interesting. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">When I add char to household food scraps
it makes what appears to be a better quality of compost. I
am also aware that In the developing world these same
scraps might be used as feed. Maybe Paul, Art, or others
have had experience with adding TLUD char to compost from
food waste, litter, or manure. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Thanks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style:
solid none none; border-color: rgb(181, 196, 223)
-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; padding: 3pt 0in
0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:
'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span
style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size:
10pt;"> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>] <b>On
Behalf Of </b>Frank Shields<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, October 31, 2011 1:45 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Discussion of biomass cooking stoves'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar-production] Re:
Stoves Digest, Vol 14, Issue 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Tom,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">The C/N ratio is almost useless in when
preparing compost formulations contrary to what most
people think. The carbon is determined on a Total Carbon
and so is nitrogen. What we really need is available C and
N and the availability changes during the composting
process. If you add wood chips to a compost they will be
there in a large part when the compost is finished – so
should not be counted. Oils and other lipids will
biodegrade quickly lowering the pH. Then it’s the slow
release of carbon to available form as the process
continues. With nitrogen becoming available as ammonia the
pH goes up. It can out-gas and be lost so availability of
nitrogen should also be a continuous process. All this
occurs with in vegetative material that has wood chips
added only for porosity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">So a measure of total N and total C at
the beginning has little use and is only a guideline.
Real way is to measure the Total N and C at the beginning
and again at the end to determine the C removed as CO2
IMO. But to answer your question you might as well test
for Total N and total C to get a C/N ratio with the char
along with the wood chips. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">As for food scraps; They are the hardest
to compost unless well mixed in with a lot of other
materials. That because they are readily available C and N
and react fast and that causes smells and fluctuation in
pH, hugh oxygen demands making anaerobic conditions etc.
New interest is AD dry systems then aerobic composting
remaining material that have been partial stabilized. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Frank<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style:
solid none none; border-color: rgb(181, 196, 223)
-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; padding: 3pt 0in
0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:
'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span
style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size:
10pt;"> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>] <b>On
Behalf Of </b>Tom Miles<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, October 31, 2011 1:01 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Discussion of biomass cooking stoves'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar-production] Re:
Stoves Digest, Vol 14, Issue 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Frank<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">If I am taking char from a TLUD and
adding it to cooking scraps for compost do I ignore the
carbon in the char when calculating the Carbon to Nitrogen
ratio? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Thanks<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><br>
Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style:
solid none none; border-color: rgb(181, 196, 223)
-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; padding: 3pt 0in
0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:
'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span
style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size:
10pt;"> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org]">[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org]</a>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Frank Shields<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, October 31, 2011 12:05 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Discussion of biomass cooking stoves'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar-production] Re:
Stoves Digest, Vol 14, Issue 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Dear Tom,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">For compost the purpose is to
‘stabilize’ the carbon to a point the environment can
replenish oxygen and nutrients at a rate plants and biota
is not effected. When in an ag situation we have growers
ready to supplement nutrients (nitrogen) at the ready when
plants or lab tests indicate needed. Stabilized values I
like to see is < 4 mg CO2-C / g organic matter / day.
This dry weight. But many people use 8 mg CO2-C as a
stabilized value. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">I think biochar is not even in the
picture for nitrogen up-take or oxygen depletion in an ag
soil because they will be so low. Perhaps over time in a
non ag environment the carbon may deplete the nitrogen -
put more likely just hold the nitrogen from being leached
for later use. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Frank <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style:
solid none none; border-color: rgb(181, 196, 223)
-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; padding: 3pt 0in
0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:
'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span
style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size:
10pt;"> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org]">[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org]</a>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Tom Miles<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, October 28, 2011 11:50 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Discussion of biomass cooking stoves'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar-production] Re:
Stoves Digest, Vol 14, Issue 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Crispin, Frank,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Apart from fraud, it is nice to have a
general indication of how much of the fuel will convert to
a gas before burning and how much would, in theory, remain
as char. IN practice you oxidize part of he “fixed” carbon
as well. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">In carbonization the volatile carbon is
a useful indicator of the extent of carbonization. We look
for volatile carbon to be less than 20% for most
applications. That does not mean that all biochar needs to
be less than 20% volatile carbon. Other measures of labile
carbon would be helpful. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">For biochar applications it would be
useful to know how much of the carbon is likely to be
consumed by organisms and will thereby have a demand on
nitrogen or other nutrients. I have assumes that is the
volatile fraction. How much char C do you include in
calculating a C:N ration for composting, for example? If
you intend to deliver a char to a uses that will supply
it’s own N how much to you have to add? How much char from
stoves can you estimate will have a demand on plant
nutrients if used as biochar? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;">Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style:
solid none none; border-color: rgb(181, 196, 223)
-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; padding: 3pt 0in
0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:
'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">From:</span></b><span
style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size:
10pt;"> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org]">[mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org]</a>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, October 28, 2011 1:09 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Discussion of biomass cooking stoves'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar-production] Re:
Stoves Digest, Vol 14, Issue 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA">Dear Frank<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Arial','sans-serif'; color: navy; font-size: 10pt;">My
main disagreement is the term Fixed Carbon and that it
means the total weigh DAF where it should be a measure of
carbon in that fraction. I will need to get over that. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"
lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA">I assure you that Fixed
Carbon does not have a clear and scientific meaning. I
have given up hope with analyses that use the term. That
means, it is ‘helpful’ but not an exact measure of
anything.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA">It really is taken to mean
the carbon that happens not to disappear when the sample
is treated in a certain way. Treat it in another way and
the ‘fixed’ portion changes so it is an inherent property
of the protocol times the fuel, not a property of the fuel
alone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA">The coal industry is so
large that they feel they can get away with internal
definitions and that makes huge problems for stovers
because we never really know what we are being handed to
burn. With biomass that has historically been the
‘chemistry’ of the fuel contents. But the principal users
of ‘fixed carbon’ are the coal consumers like power
stations. To give the DAF value of anything is misleading
because we need to know what % it is of the fuel, not of
part of the fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA">There are many tricks
played by people promoting processed fuels that involve
switching the fuel energy content numbers during the
conversation. For example, people will report the ‘as
received’ heat content as the fuel’s heating value (which
is true) and then point out that their ‘Processing’
increases this to a much higher ‘DAF value’ showing a ‘60%
increase in energy per kg’ even though it takes energy to
remove the water and calculate out the ash. Plain fraud.
Whenever someone reports the energy content you have to
not only ask on what basis the figure was derived, but
also investigate the protocol to see if it really is what
it claims to be. Many people believe that there is free
energy to be harvested in this manner.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);
font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p> </p>
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</blockquote>
<pre wrap="">
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