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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear MaxT<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>>…</span>fine charcoal powder has been considered for engines and tested for uses in such... <span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Didn’t ITDG have such an engine in the 70’s?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>></span>but I was assuming here that the idea would be to direct part of the pyrolysis gasses into sustaining the pyrolysis reaction and other part of those gasses into condensing into tar like fluids... <span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I see the problem as one of trying to scale it down while dealing with the fact that in the very beginning of the burning of a piece of fuel, the gases that come out are not combustible. Getting clean ignition is a difficult problem for solid fuels. One approach is to put some liquid fuel on a pile of solid fuel and burn it as a batch. The simplest is top lighting like the packed bed coal gasifier by John Davies in South Africa. He uses small pieces of wood soaked in paraffin, meaning left in a jar of paraffin, not sprinkled with it just before ignition.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>With wood chips or grasses the ‘unburnable’ effect can be seen by watching the edges of the fire attacking new fuel: it smokes first and hopefully the smoke is drawn into the existing fire. It is partly steam, partly gases with negative heat yield, and partly heat yielding gases. In the (existing) fire all are dealt with but getting it going is not so simple. In a piston engine the process is re-started over and over (on each 4-stroke cycle). That means whatever reactor you have must be producing combustible gases befit can be fed into an engine, if the scale is small and non-continuous.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dr Reddy <a href="http://biochar.bioenergylists.org/taxonomy/term/331">http://biochar.bioenergylists.org/taxonomy/term/331</a> showed the Magh Biochar retort 2 as an approach to trying to get a pretty clean process from beginning to end. It is essentially an enormous TLUD stove. By that I mean it does not separate the combustion of the gases from the charcoal making process. The process is in my view quite different from the Adams Retort by Chris Adams which is a self-heating retort.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I think you are talking about diverting some of the gases from a device more like an Adams report. Unless it was pretty expensive (well made, metal etc) I doubt there are gases to spare. It is already hard enough to keep it going. Here is an expensive charcoal maker that seems to be running very cleanly <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=WHU66mUGCbg">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=WHU66mUGCbg</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>An example of an all metal self-heating retort is at <a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-some-Charcoal/">http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-some-Charcoal/</a> and you can see that there is quite a bit of fuel needed to get it going and once it does, it cannot be described as a very clean. It is a heck of a lot less smoky than typical rural charcoal making (smudge piles) so I guess it is better. It will have a high % yield as none of the biomass is burned during the production, just the start-up fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There is a video of it at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsphDAFz1DA&feature=player_embedded">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsphDAFz1DA&feature=player_embedded</a> See the 2 minute mark of the video. At that point the ignition wood is mostly burned and the gases are sustaining the fire. They could have used a lot less wood to get it going but I think there I no shortage of wood in Portland.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This series of videos <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGiCUAMargY&feature=related">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGiCUAMargY&feature=related</a> shows a kiln in which some of the wood is burned and the gases are vented, ignited and wasted. After the gas is combustible, it is pretty clean. Until then….? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>To do something useful for any decent length of time I think you need to have continuous gas production like this <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WSK2mknON4&feature=endscreen&NR=1">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WSK2mknON4&feature=endscreen&NR=1</a> and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=DI6Ebgi75Ys">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=DI6Ebgi75Ys</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This one <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUxy0w2Mpl0&feature=player_detailpage">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUxy0w2Mpl0&feature=player_detailpage</a> shows a propane tank converted into a wood pellet burner making enough gas to opeate a small tractor engine, for a while at least.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This one <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=C1nUC1e07OU">http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=C1nUC1e07OU</a> is a downdraft gasifier that can be refuelled. It has the possibility of running day and night. He notes something very important which is that the gas has a low flame speed and shows how to use that to advantage. He obviously does not have combustion analysis (based on what he says about the flame). The fire at 3:45 of the video looks really good.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There are a lot of people in the US working on up and down draft gasifiers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></body></html>