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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear AD<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I sympathise with your daughter’s frustration. I think we are very fortunate at the University of Johannesburg to have been able to enrol Masters and PhD candidates directly into testing and methodology studies, comparative evaluation methods and innovative calculations – all to do with stoves.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>It has been done through the Geography Department (Dr Paul A is a geographer, you may recall). There they have been doing things like using satellite observations (remote sensing) to track H<sub>2</sub>S and smoke particles over vast distances or locating emission sources using on-ground data recorders. Most of the doctoral candidates were doing something with remove sensing. The move to add stove emissions was a short step because, like Ulaanbaatar, the local situation on the ground is really bad in terms of domestic stove emissions. Some industries were getting away with blaming low income settlements for H<sub>2</sub>S smell when in fact they were the major emitters.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Professor Lodoysamba in Ulaanbaatar has done lots of interesting work on particle analysis and attribution to source based on what is in the smoke. It is a natural step to start collecting particles at different stages of the burn from various fuels. These can then be characterised and the information fed into the dispersion models. There are 10 recording stations around town where particles can be collected for analysis. This situation is rich with new science, particularly for H<sub>2</sub>S which is little studied. I have been using the SO<sub>2</sub>:H<sub>2</sub>S ratio as an indicator of combustion efficiency, for example. Sulphur should emerge as one or the other. There is a strong correlation between SO<sub>2</sub>:H<sub>2</sub>S, CO:CO<sub>2</sub> as well as CO:H<sub>2</sub>. In the latter case the relationship is not the same from stove to stove, though surprisingly constant or any particular stove, which itself is worthy of investigation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>A serious lack is of course stove designers with a good understanding of combustion from a batch loaded point of view. The Mongolian University of Science and Technology produces really good engineers who deal with constant combustion because they are intended to work with power stations. That is a good start, but some pretty major reorientation is needed to deal with a burn that changes every few minutes as the fuel is transformed from one state to another. Again, lots of new science both in the methods of capturing the information and in designing better combustors.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I believe the downstream effects of your daughter’s work with new students is going to be very beneficial in raising up a new generation of producer developers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Best regard<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>+++++=</span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Dear Krishna,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>the topic of renewable energy based on agricultural waste, and especially of biomass burning stoves is without glamour. Every year, engineering students approach our Institute for topics on which to conduct projects. When I suggest to them that they develop a stove for a specific rural application, (e.g. a thin film evaporator for making condensed milk or condensed sugarcane juice), they just thank me and leave, never to return. After all, after their graduation, they want jobs in modern factories. Therefore they want to conduct projects on electronic control systems, internal combustion engines, gear-box configurations, hydrolic systems etc. Rural energy is a topic totally neglected in our academic institutions. My own daughter, when she wanted to conduct Ph.D. research on the topic of wood-burning stoves, could not find a guide, and had to work on an entirely different topic. However, in the meanwhile, she has herself become a guide and recently guided the research work of a student who wanted to work on developing a gasifier stove. He got a Ph.D. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Yours<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'>A.D.Karve<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></body></html>