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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Alex<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I agree with your analysis. Do you know what the H2 content of the dung(s) is? I would like to know why preheating the primary air makes such a big difference with dung. I have considered the moisture the main issue, but it seems to hold as a general rule. Another possibility is that the preheating creates, with a small amount of fuel, a self-decomposing fuel pile that has to have concomitant choked primary air. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The combination definitely works and as I demonstrated to Dr AD, works pretty well with damp wood.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>++++++</span></p><p class=MsoNormal>Paul,<br>The 'biochar' paper you reference seems to be stretching the definitions a bit. 350C formation hits close to the bottom of the 'charring' range, 200C is low torrefaction. At 200C it is doubtful that there would be any recalcitrant carbon present. The raw manure performs well with lead too. This is all about phosphorus not sorption on carbon or even surface functional groups. <br>A rose by any other name.... <br>but its probably my 'failure' to understand.<br>Alex<br><br><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>