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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Dear Friends<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Although this is a repeat of one paper in the list from the DUE conferences, I have a comment below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The presentation describing the investigation into smoke reduction in domestic coal stoves in Ulaanbaatar<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> is at <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://active.cput.ac.za/energy/web/due/papers/due%20cd%202011/Conference%20Presentations/Presentations/Wednesday%20April%2012th/01%20Prof%20Sereeter%20Lodoysamba.pdf">http://active.cput.ac.za/energy/web/due/papers/due%20cd%202011/Conference%20Presentations/Presentations/Wednesday%20April%2012th/01%20Prof%20Sereeter%20Lodoysamba.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The WHO target for PM2.5 is 50 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. You will note on page 7/34 that the PM 2.5 reading at Bayanhoshuu is 1536 in January but ‘only’ 971 in February. As it is colder in February there was interest why the air is cleaner if the amount of fuel used is higher. The answer is that pollution is largely caused by lighting the stoves, not by burning fuel in them. This was later confirmed by showing that the highest single day readings (over 4200 µg/m<sup>3</sup>) occurred in November when it was <i>not</i> particularly cold. On those days, stoves are lit several times each. In total, 50% of all PM corresponds to the ignition and refuelling of domestic stoves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>There is a paper at <a href="http://active.cput.ac.za/ENERGY/web/ICUE/DOCS/440/Paper%20-%20Lloyd%20P.pdf">http://active.cput.ac.za/ENERGY/web/ICUE/DOCS/440/Paper%20-%20Lloyd%20P.pdf</a> by Prof Philip Lloyd on the subject of SO<sub>x</sub> emissions from combustion. It reports that the PM concentration in the great London fog that reportedly killed thousands of people was 1,800 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. That gives you some perspective on the nature of the problem in Mongolia.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>In Ulaanbaatar the information was applied to developing better lighting methods as well as stoves with higher thermal efficiency and cleaner refuelling cycles. Some success was achieved on all fronts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Regards<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Crispin<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>