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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear AD and All<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The complete combustion of biomass involves <i>adding</i> energy to the ash because that fraction is endothermic, actually. The ‘standard’ calculation is -0.0211 MJ/kg. The same is also true for Nitrogen which is -0.0151 MJ/kg and Oxygen in the form of O2 is -0.1034 if there is any. These are extracted from the general formula <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>HHV (in MJ/kg) = 0.3491C + 1.41 H - 0.1034 O + 0.1005 S - 0.0151 N - 0.0211 A where A is Ash.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>When creating char at a low temperature several processes may be incomplete and the true heat content of the char over-estimated.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The difference is minor relative to the initial heat value but rises as the combination of a small residual mass gets smaller, if the low formation temperature leaves the ash un-roasted.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></body></html>