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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>Dear Crispin, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><snip><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:black'>I was not specifically looking for the maximum total energy though of course I have an interest in it. I am trying to track down the 'extra' energy that lies between the missing char (burning wet fuel) and the energy needed to dry the fuel. I was going to make a chart to post here showing the amount of extra energy involved but have been travelling.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>So how would you suggest doing this? I would think eliminating the secondary air (and combustion) to be able to test the pyrolyzed gases formed (during primary combustion) as they exit to determine the form the carbon is in (CO, CO2, Particulate-C) would be useful info. Forget the hydrogen for now. Would the change in increased volume of gas produced during primary combustion be useful info? That is; determining the (total amount of gas leaving the secondary) – (the volume of air pumped in) = (the gas produced from the fuel).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:black'>To put numbers on it, we often reach 2,000 ppm H2 in the stack when there is plenty of O2 available, a healthy fire burning (wood under coal) and the coal is igniting just fine. The H2(EF) which means the undiluted hydrogen concentration reaches >15,000 ppm. It is very strange to watch a burning coal+wood fire inside an enclosed stove that cannot ignite the hydrogen emerging from that same fire. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>Not enough heat, hydrogen produced outside the Hot zone, some other chemical reaction sucking up the available heat (evaporating water), test equipment with a positive interference. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:black'>One of the metrics we watch is the ratio of CO:CO2 as you would expect, however we also watch the CO:H2 ratio. Both gases indicate poor combustion. There is nearly always some H2 in the stack and when it goes high, it becomes interesting. Even very late in a coke/charcoal fire there is some H2 present. Ditto for H2S and SO2 which move opposite, in concert<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:black'>Every conventional explanation is that there is no water gas shift reaction taking place, even though the conditions for it are present. This does not add up. The reaction was deliberately created in gas plants, why should it not take place when conditions are right in a stove?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>Question that may seem unrelated: Does the ThermoWorks IR heat detector work through glass to measure the heat on the other side? Most likely not but being hopeful. I have a glass gasifier I use for experimenting. I can arrange in several configurations and watch the flame front for doing such experiments. I can burn or collect out-gas (tedlar bags) but have limiting equipment to determine make-up. May be able to monitor CO2 real time and filter through glass filters to determine particular carbon in outgas using Leco CHN. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>But you talk about ‘coal’ along with biomass. Wonder how all that differs. Can coal be used in a TLUD? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><snip><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:black'>In very brief, the fuel consumed by a stove is the amount of raw fuel it takes to perform some task assuming that the task is repeated, i.e. one of a series of identical burns. The thermal efficiency overall is the task (work done) divided by the heat potential of that quantity of raw fuel. When applied to ordinary stoves the answer is pretty much the same as any water boiling test, for example. However for char producing stoves where the char mass is a significant fraction of the initial fuel, the fuel consumption and thermal efficiency are significantly changed, often dramatically so. They more or less match the real numbers observed in the field during, say, an uncontrolled cooking test (UCT). The problem is at present the calculation methods do not consider that stove would every produce large amounts of charcoal so the calculated results are (erroneously) far from the real values.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>So it seems the Stove needs be: ((WBT) + (biochar produced) = (wonderful rating))<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'>Frank<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Frank Shields<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Control Laboratories, Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>42 Hangar Way<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Watsonville, CA 95076<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>(831) 724-5422 tel<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>(831) 724-3188 fax<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><a href="http://www.biocharlab"><span style='color:blue'>www.biocharlab</span></a>.com<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>