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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Crispin, <br>
<br>
The influence of the coal industry on the testing is not a perfect
match for what biomass gasification is all about and the testing
of biomass and biochar.<br>
<br>
Biomass can be 50% carbon, but with decay it will all go to
CO2. Fixed carbon must be created in the carbonization
process.<br>
<br>
In Atlanta airport about to fly to Uganda for 3 weeks. I hope
that others will comment, and not rely on me to reply.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Paul S. Anderson, PhD aka "Dr TLUD"
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
On 2/5/2013 10:09 AM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott wrote:<br>
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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dear
Paul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->As
far as I know, there is no "fixed carbon" in the biomass.
It is fixed during the process of carbonization/pyrolysis.<br>
<br>
<span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="color:#1F497D">That
is the problem – it you give a sample of wood to a lab and
they perform a ‘coal analysis test’ on it you will get a
report on the amount of ‘fixed carbon’. The point I was
making is that it is a metric of convenience arising from
the test procedure, not a reference to a material
property.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><br>
2. Some biomass such as seeds have "oils" that vaporize or
are volatile. They are generally not pyrolyzed. However,
the lignin and other "stuff" in biomass is what is pyrolyzed
and gives off pyrolytic gases that are volatile. At low
temperatures, the future volatiles are not yet in a form
that can be called volatile. But they will volatize when
subjected to higher temperatures.<br>
<br>
I will accept what the chemist eventually clarify for us.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">The
% Volatiles are defined as that fraction that will boil
(literally) at a given temperature. Choose you
temperature. So when using a defined method, the result
changes with the temperature your use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">See
for example <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.sigmatest.org/Coal-Testing-India.html">http://www.sigmatest.org/Coal-Testing-India.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">“</span><b><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#565656">Proximate
analysis - Moisture, Volatile matter, Ash and Fixed
Carbon: </span></b><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#565656"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#565656">“Proximate
analysis indicates the percentage by weight of the Fixed
Carbon, Volatiles, Ash, and Moisture Content in coal. The
amounts of fixed carbon and volatile combustible matter
directly contribute to the heating value of coal. Fixed
carbon acts as a main heat generator during burning. High
volatile matter content indicates easy ignition of fuel.
The ash content is important in the design of the furnace
grate, combustion volume, pollution control equipment and
ash handling systems of a furnace.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">This
week we tried to get some tests of fuel content and were
offered ‘coal analysis’ tests. It all sounds good but if
you look into the procedure, you are not getting what you
think – i.e. it is not an analysis of the elements that we
are used to talking about in the biomass fuel biz.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Getting
a lab test result of this type using an instrument
designed to do ANSI/ASTM D3172 tests
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.marsap.com/anamedinstru.com/coal.shtml">http://www.marsap.com/anamedinstru.com/coal.shtml</a> and
turning it into a ‘standard’ analysis is quite messy and I
have a spreadsheet for doing that if you need it. It was
necessary for the Asian Dev Bank (which built the SEET
Lab) to do this because all that is available is standard
coal analyses, but the HTP test method is more scientific
in the sense that it uses the chemical composition of the
fuel, not an approximation of it. It is also necessary to
get the ‘as received, ash-free’ heat content. Coal
analysis methods gives AR (as received moisture), AD
(after drying but not ‘actually dry’) and FC (fixed
carbon, but not ‘actual carbon’ content). It also view
some of the moisture as ‘inherent’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">There
are two things which come back ‘wrong’: the moisture
content and the carbon content. Finding out what the
carbon content of the volatiles was is nearly impossible.
The right approach is XRD and XRF.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">To
give you an idea of how far wrong the method is for
determining Carbon, here is a standard test result of some
coals and sawdust briquette. It is well known that the
sawdust contains about 50% Carbon. It was rated as having
16% ‘fixed carbon’. In other words it is basically a
useless measurement when it comes to biochar (or anything
else).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><img
id="Picture_x0020_1"
src="cid:part2.01010300.06030702@ilstu.edu" width="527"
height="353" border="0"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0mm"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#565656"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
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