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Perhaps it should be called fixed-up carbon, its whats left after
getting rid of the rif-raf that can['t tough it out in the kitchen
when thing get hot.<br>
<br>
What other tests are there that would give a better representation
of the biological recalcitrance of char?<br>
<br>
Alex<br>
<br>
On 05/02/2013 5:33 PM, Frank Shields wrote:<br>
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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Paul,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">My
biggest problem with the term ‘fixed carbon’ is that it is
not a measurement of the carbon at all. Just the stuff left
over after heating that can contain Oxygen and hydrogen. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Frank
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext">
Stoves [<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Paul Anderson<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, February 05, 2013 1:17 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Crispin Pemberton-Pigott; Discussion of
biomass cooking stoves; <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>; Hugh
McLaughlin; Ron Larson; Thomas Reed<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Characteristics of biochar
was Re: [biochar] grassifier & cedar chip char<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Crispin, <br>
<br>
The influence of the coal industry on the testing is not a
perfect match for what biomass gasification is all about and
the testing of biomass and biochar.<br>
<br>
Biomass can be 50% carbon, but with decay it will all go to
CO2. Fixed carbon must be created in the carbonization
process.<br>
<br>
In Atlanta airport about to fly to Uganda for 3 weeks. I
hope that others will comment, and not rely on me to reply.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>Paul S. Anderson, PhD aka "Dr TLUD"<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Website: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal">On 2/5/2013 10:09 AM, Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dear
Paul</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman""> </span></span><!--[endif]-->As
far as I know, there is no "fixed carbon" in the
biomass. It is fixed during the process of
carbonization/pyrolysis.<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="color:#1F497D">That
is the problem – it you give a sample of wood to a lab
and they perform a ‘coal analysis test’ on it you will
get a report on the amount of ‘fixed carbon’. The point
I was making is that it is a metric of convenience
arising from the test procedure, not a reference to a
material property.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><br>
2. Some biomass such as seeds have "oils" that vaporize
or are volatile. They are generally not pyrolyzed.
However, the lignin and other "stuff" in biomass is what
is pyrolyzed and gives off pyrolytic gases that are
volatile. At low temperatures, the future volatiles are
not yet in a form that can be called volatile. But they
will volatize when subjected to higher temperatures.<br>
<br>
I will accept what the chemist eventually clarify for us.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">The
% Volatiles are defined as that fraction that will boil
(literally) at a given temperature. Choose you
temperature. So when using a defined method, the result
changes with the temperature your use.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">See
for example <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.sigmatest.org/Coal-Testing-India.html">http://www.sigmatest.org/Coal-Testing-India.html</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">“</span><b><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#565656">Proximate
analysis - Moisture, Volatile matter, Ash and Fixed
Carbon: </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#565656">“Proximate
analysis indicates the percentage by weight of the Fixed
Carbon, Volatiles, Ash, and Moisture Content in coal.
The amounts of fixed carbon and volatile combustible
matter directly contribute to the heating value of coal.
Fixed carbon acts as a main heat generator during
burning. High volatile matter content indicates easy
ignition of fuel. The ash content is important in the
design of the furnace grate, combustion volume,
pollution control equipment and ash handling systems of
a furnace.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">This
week we tried to get some tests of fuel content and were
offered ‘coal analysis’ tests. It all sounds good but if
you look into the procedure, you are not getting what
you think – i.e. it is not an analysis of the elements
that we are used to talking about in the biomass fuel
biz.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Getting
a lab test result of this type using an instrument
designed to do ANSI/ASTM D3172 tests <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.marsap.com/anamedinstru.com/coal.shtml">http://www.marsap.com/anamedinstru.com/coal.shtml</a>
and turning it into a ‘standard’ analysis is quite
messy and I have a spreadsheet for doing that if you
need it. It was necessary for the Asian Dev Bank (which
built the SEET Lab) to do this because all that is
available is standard coal analyses, but the HTP test
method is more scientific in the sense that it uses the
chemical composition of the fuel, not an approximation
of it. It is also necessary to get the ‘as received,
ash-free’ heat content. Coal analysis methods gives AR
(as received moisture), AD (after drying but not
‘actually dry’) and FC (fixed carbon, but not ‘actual
carbon’ content). It also view some of the moisture as
‘inherent’.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">There
are two things which come back ‘wrong’: the moisture
content and the carbon content. Finding out what the
carbon content of the volatiles was is nearly
impossible. The right approach is XRD and XRF.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">To
give you an idea of how far wrong the method is for
determining Carbon, here is a standard test result of
some coals and sawdust briquette. It is well known that
the sawdust contains about 50% Carbon. It was rated as
having 16% ‘fixed carbon’. In other words it is
basically a useless measurement when it comes to biochar
(or anything else).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><img
id="Picture_x0020_1"
src="cid:part5.07030906.01000903@kingston.net"
width="527" border="0" height="353"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Regards</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Crispin</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#565656"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
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