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<div class="moz-cite-prefix"><b>All,<br>
<br>
Quick </b>reply as I rush to the airport to go to Uganda for 3
weeks:<br>
<br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">The
concept that throws people off is that of ‘fixed carbon’ as
if there was some carbon in the fuel that will not pyrolyse.
Even if there was, it is not a measure of the total carbon
in a fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">So
the lower temperature pyrolysis does not only increase the
amount of volatiles, and it is also not only the carbon in
those volatiles that may or may not be missing. </span></blockquote>
1. As far as I know, there is no "fixed carbon" in the biomass.
It is fixed during the process of carbonization/pyrolysis.<br>
<br>
2. Some biomass such as seeds have "oils" that vaporize or are
volatile. They are generally not pyrolyzed. However, the
lignin and other "stuff" in biomass is what is pyrolyzed and gives
off pyrolytic gases that are volatile. At low temperatures, the
future volatiles are not yet in a form that can be called
volatile. But they will volatize when subjected to higher
temperatures.<br>
<br>
I will accept what the chemist eventually clarify for us.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Paul S. Anderson, PhD aka "Dr TLUD"
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
On 2/5/2013 8:17 AM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:08a101ce03ab$82d8f2b0$888ad810$@gmail.com"
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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dear
Stuart and Paul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">The
elemental analysis (ultimate analysis) of residual char is
an important topic of future investigation and it is
surprising how little has been done. There are coal analysis
methods that are popular and routine, however they are not
just misleading, they can be highly misleading if you take
them to be a list of what is in the fuel. They are more like
a study of the result of systematised char-making than
elemental analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">The
concept that throws people off is that of ‘fixed carbon’ as
if there was some carbon in the fuel that will not pyrolyse.
Even if there was, it is not a measure of the total carbon
in a fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">So
the lower temperature pyrolysis does not only increase the
amount of volatiles, and it is also not only the carbon in
those volatiles that may or may not be missing. It is not
simple at all and the only way to investigate the result is
with systematic analysis of the elements in the resulting
product. In addition, for practical reasons, one would want
to know the chemical contents because while knowing the
total quantity of each element, or at least MASHCON as we
call it for <i>HTP</i> calculations, the type and % of
volatiles is still important.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Lighting
very low volatiles high-carbon fuels is much more difficult
than the converse. That matters a lot when designing a
cooking system. I know there are serious implications for
buried char when the wrong volatiles are manufactured in the
hot, organic chemical-filled spaces in the pyrolysing fuel.
The literature suggests that in Japan they are very specific
about the type of fuel and heat treatment needed to get the
‘right’ product for biochar use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">So
there are two paths here. The Low path of knowing what is in
the fuel so chemically balanced test methods can be applied
and the High path with the Low + the chemical nature of
everything that has been manufactured in the ‘retort’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I
would settle for a middle path of knowing that the Moisture
Ash Sulphur Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen and Nitrogen are
(MASHCON) plus the % mass of volatiles. It is difficult
enough to get that at a reasonable cost.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext"
lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext"
lang="EN-US"> Stoves
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>] <b>On
Behalf Of </b>Paul Anderson<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, February 05, 2013 4:57 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> stuart mather; Discussion of biomass cooking
stoves<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Characteristics of biochar
was Re: [biochar] grassifier & cedar chip char<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stuart and all,<br>
<br>
On 2/3/2013 10:21 PM, stuart mather wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">That's
great, thanks Paul,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">So
the higher % yield of lower temp char is only extra
weight from ungasified volatiles, and not because less
of the carbon structure is being combusted? In a no
oxygen environment, no carbon can combust, no matter
how high the pyrolysis temp can it?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">And
I suppose there's also the issue of recalcitrance. Do
you know the figures for increased recalcitrance from
a higher pyrolysis temp.?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Stuart.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">The chemistry is important here. In the
biomass are many carbohydrate (C & H & O) molecules.
They are NOT elemental carbon (C). Char is produced by
pyrolysis, which uses heat, whether with or without a flame
present. Carbonization/pyrolysis (2 sides of the same coin)
is the only way to make char at the surface of the Earth.
Carbon that is called coal is by pressure and heat underground
(or in a laboratory).<br>
<br>
More than this, we need some chemists to fill in the picture
to answer your questions.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre style="background:white">Paul S. Anderson, PhD aka "Dr TLUD"<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre style="background:white">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre style="background:white">Website: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
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style="text-align:center;background:white"
align="center"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
<hr size="1" width="100%" align="center"></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
Paul Anderson <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu"><psanders@ilstu.edu></a><br>
<b>To:</b> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>
<br>
<b>Cc:</b> stuart mather <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:kneebraceboy@yahoo.com.au"><kneebraceboy@yahoo.com.au></a>;
Hugh McLaughlin <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:wastemin1@verizon.net"><wastemin1@verizon.net></a>
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, 4 February 2013 2:00 AM<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Characteristics of biochar was Re:
[biochar] grassifier & cedar chip char</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div id="yiv283229397">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white">Dear
Stuart, Trent and all,<br>
<br>
On 2/3/2013 6:32 AM, stuart mather wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-mlmsg">
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-msg">
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-text">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Tom, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Isn't
the most compelling reasons for
keeping the temp low is that the yield
is higher. If one of the motivations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> for
making biochar is to sequester C, then
minimizing the amount of CO2 you emit
to the atmosphere in actually making
the biochar would seem to be prudent,
wouldn't it? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white">Higher
yields (as measured by weight) do not mean that more
of the "right kind of C" is created or put into the
soil. Higher weights are usually associated with
having more of the volatiles remaining in the char
structure. So,<br>
<br>
Charcoal at minimal temps (I think about 300 - 350
C) have a lot of carbon remaining as volatiles
(mobile, can be leached in soils, hurting plants),
which is good if you are trying to ignite it in a
charcoal cooker. <br>
<br>
Charcoal at 450 C (in my opinion) is the bottom
range of what is decent to be used as biochar.<br>
<br>
Charcoal at 550 C to 800 C has less weight, but a
larger percentage is the desired carbon structures
for good biochar. Very few volatiles. And has
higher adsorption capacity. <br>
<br>
McLaughlin has a great chart showing this but I
cannot find it right now.<br>
<br>
Please see the paper on the internet: All
biochars are not created equal.... By McLaughlin,
Anderson, Shields and Reed (2009) Also available
at my website <br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.drtlud.com/resources/publications-and-multimedia/entire-catalogue/"
target="_blank">http://www.drtlud.com/resources/publications-and-multimedia/entire-catalogue/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-mlmsg">
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-msg">
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-text">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> I
understand that if you need to cook with
biomass then a Tlud is clearly the way
to go. But can it be argued that people
in the developed world would be doing
the climate a favour by cooking food
with a TLUD too, and leaving the fossil
fuel gas or electric powered stove
gathering dust.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white">I
certainly like to read comments like that!!! <br>
<br>
And there is certainly room for a lot more efforts
by interested people.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-mlmsg">
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-msg">
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-text">
<div>
<div>
<pre style="background:white">Paul S. Anderson, PhD aka "Dr TLUD"<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre style="background:white">Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre style="background:white">Website: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.drtlud.com/" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center;background:white"
align="center"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
<hr size="1" width="100%"
align="center"></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
Tom Miles <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com"
target="_blank"><tmiles@trmiles.com></a><br>
<b>To:</b> <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com"
target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, 3 February 2013
2:58 PM<br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: [biochar]
grassifier & cedar chip char</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div id="yiv283229397">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-text">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">David,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Nitrogen in wood and straw forms
ammonia and ammonia like
compounds during pyrolysis.
That is what you are
smelling. Collectively they
are called NOx precursors.
When burned they become
Nitrogen oxide emissions
(NOx). As you suggest the
TLUD is a more oxidizing
environment and so you don’t
see the same ammonia
formation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">The assumption that 450C is magic
for all applications has to
be further tested. We have
anecdotally seen very good
results with gasifier chars
which are subjected to much
higher (>600-800 C)
temperatures. It is likely
that TLUD chars are
subjected to these higher
temperatures. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Tom</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<div
style="border:none;border-top:solid
#B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:0mm 0mm
0mm 0mm">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">
<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>
[<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>trent<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday,
February 02, 2013 8:36
PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re:
[biochar] grassifier
& cedar chip char</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-mlmsg">
<div id="yiv283229397ygrp-msg">
<div
id="yiv283229397ygrp-text">
<div>
<div id="yiv283229397">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Well Don, the
noose is just
hanging there
empty so I am
going to put
my head in
it. Looking
to scale up
and have tried
a couple
different
things
including
using <b><i><u>propane/natural
gas.</u></i></b>
Until proven
otherwise, I
don't see how
you can
achieve a
steady,
consistent
burn to
account for
biomass
variables in
MC, density,
etc. <b><i><u>and</u></i></b>
produce the
volume needed
to make a
profit on
industrial
sizing. Steel
went away from
charcoal to
reduce costs.
There is a
lesson there.
If 450C
(842f) is the
number being
bandied about
for ideal
commercial
biochar, its
going to take
a lot of
processed
biomass burned
or wasted, to
keep a
continous kiln
at that
temperature.
Processing
biomass as
fuel isnt
cheap. Using
a combination
of gas and the
biogas,
industrial
ceramics and
automation to
create an
oxygen free
enviroment,
opens up all
kind of
doors. I have
a very simple
design in mind
which can run
24/7 with gas
and was
wondering if
anyone could
recommend
someone with a
little more
engineering
expertise than
my UHK degree
to fill in
some blanks. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div
id="yiv283229397yui_3_7_2_17_1359863450192_54">
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://news.rice.edu/2012/03/22/cooking-better-biochar-study-improves-recipe-for-soil-additive/"
target="_blank">http://news.rice.edu/2012/03/22/cooking-better-biochar-study-improves-recipe-for-soil-additive/</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div
id="yiv283229397yui_3_7_2_17_1359863450192_59">
<div>
<div>
<div
class="MsoNormal"
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<hr size="1"
width="100%"
align="center"></span></div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt"> David Yarrow <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:dyarrow5@gmail.com"
target="_blank">dyarrow5@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>To:</b> <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com"
target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>
<br>
<b>Sent:</b>
Saturday,
February 2,
2013 12:02 AM<br>
<b>Subject:</b>
Re: [biochar]
grassifier
& cedar
chip char</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div
id="yiv283229397">
<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
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<div
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<div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"
style="background:white">On Feb 1, 2013, at 9:12 PM, Trent Lund wrote:<br>
> David<br>
> Do you
think you
could char a
bale of straw
or is it
pressed to
tight?<br>
<br>
hi trent,<br>
<br>
i've thought
about that.
ideally, we
can design a
burner that
can char an
entire hay
bale without
extra
handling.
might require
a fan to
improve the
air flow thru
the feedstock.
the round
stalks of hay
and straw may
allow
significant
leeway in how
tight they can
be packed
together and
still allow
air to flow up
through the
stalks. dust
is a further
issue that can
shut down air
flow.<br>
<br>
currently, i
use a TLUD,
which requires
air to be
sucked up
through the
biomass.
experience is
this device is
finicky and
temperamental,
and particle
size and
feedstock
density is a
significant
issue. often i
have to screen
wood chips
through
1/4-inch
hardware cloth
to separate
out the dust
and finer
particles, or
the TLUD
chokes, the
gas flare goes
out, and a
smoky, stinky
burn results.
i'm concerned
hay, straw,
weeds, even
cornstalks
might
similarly
choke my TLUD,
so my first
test burn last
weekend with
hay for
feedstock, i
was careful to
loosen the
stalks of the
tightly packed
hay bale and
pack it in the
barrel loosely
but firmly.<br>
<br>
in the next
two months, i
will do more
test burns
with a variety
of weedy
materials. i
will
experiment to
see how tight
i can pack hay
or straw
without
choking the
updraft.<br>
<br>
two years ago,
i was using a
55/30-gallon
kiln &
retort to char
sticks and
limbs of
applewood for
saratoga apple
orchard. apple
is denser than
oak or maple,
and harder to
ignite and
burn. what
worked well
was to loosely
pack straw
with the
applewood.
straw gasifies
faster that
wood, and
kickstarts
pyrolysis
until
temperatures
are intense
enough to
gasify the
denser
applewood.
worked so well
the applewood
limbs would
shatter into
small chunks,
making them
easier to
process into
soil mixes.<br>
<br>
curiously, i
discovered
that a freshly
opened retort
with straw
char emitted
such strong
ammonia odor
it would knock
my head back.
never got to
fully explore
what that was,
but it seemed
certain the
ammonia was
coming from
the straw.
with a TLUD, i
doubt ammonia
will be
created, or if
so, it will be
oxidized and
burnt off in
the gas flare.<br>
<br>
david<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
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