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<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>Somewhere online there is, or used to be, a detailed
description of how the WAPI is made by one of the organizations, including the
specification of the wax. I believe they did a package with the materials to
make hundreds of them, for something like US$80 (several years
ago).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>I don't have time to search for it right now but it
shouldn't be hard to find.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>On a larger scale, there are also throughflow solar
water pasteurizers using a thermostatic valve as the temperature control
device.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana>Robert Taylor</FONT></DIV>
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style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt 新細明體"><FONT face=Verdana>----- Original Message -----
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt 新細明體; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><FONT
face=Verdana><B>From:</B> </FONT><A title=bruce@affordableenergysolutions.com
href="mailto:bruce@affordableenergysolutions.com"><FONT face=Verdana>Bruce
Stahlberg</FONT></A><FONT face=Verdana> </FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt 新細明體"><FONT face=Verdana><B>To:</B> </FONT><A
title=tom@aguapuraparaelpueblo.org
href="mailto:tom@aguapuraparaelpueblo.org"><FONT face=Verdana>Tom
Carter</FONT></A><FONT face=Verdana> ; </FONT><A
title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"><FONT face=Verdana>Discussion of
biomass cooking stoves</FONT></A><FONT face=Verdana> </FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt 新細明體"><FONT face=Verdana><B>Sent:</B> Saturday,
February 16, 2013 6:00 AM</FONT></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt 新細明體"><FONT face=Verdana><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] A
simple water sterilization technique</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=新細明體></FONT><FONT face=新細明體></FONT><BR></DIV>Thanks Tom for
the information. Do you know the wax that is used in a WAPI? Is it
easily, readily available in other countries? Any other wax that also
melts at or just above the same temperature? <BR><BR>I believe SCI, like many
organizations, uses the costs to the general public of the USA to help
subsidize their programs internationally. Fairly common practice and
seems appropriate. At $7 - 9 per WAPI, the average citizen that wants
one is not as likely to make one. The additional cost is for convenience and
to help with programs to provide clean water, clean cooking. <BR><BR>Can
you check with Bob to see what materials he uses? Might be useful for
others on this list to be able to make them locally too.<BR><BR>Bruce<BR><BR>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>On Thu, Feb 14, 2013 at 6:45 PM, Tom Carter <SPAN
dir=ltr><<A href="mailto:tom@aguapuraparaelpueblo.org"
target=_blank>tom@aguapuraparaelpueblo.org</A>></SPAN> wrote:<BR>
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<DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma,new york,times,serif; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">All-<BR>No,
No, No! Storing water in a dark container does NOT kill pathogenic
bacteria or other organisms! Nor does refrigeration or even freezing.
E Coli and other bacteria can survive for weeks in a cold dark
environment. Heating, filtration, UV disinfection and chemical treatment
(chlorine or other) are the only recommended methods I'm aware of for
drinking water decontamination. <BR>Bacteria tend to cling to particles in
the water so allowing it to settle or adding a flocculating agent can
sometimes help a little. Particulate material in the water also blocks
UV penetration and thus makes solar (UV) disinfection less
effective.<BR>Part of the problem with bore wells and similar systems is
that they become readily contaminated by misuse and need to be
monitored. I'm aware of a diarrheal outbreak in Kenya caused by a
contaminated well, and so we recommend frequent testing of community water
sources. We supply the testing materials to trained health workers and
others at no cost so that they can safely and accurately monitor local
water supplies. For the average family it's better to just assume
contamination and develop the habits of drinking water purification. <BR>The
WAPI's (Water Pasteurization Indicator's) that Jeff Holiman and others
mentioned cost $7.00 each on the Solar Cookers International website, but
really only cost about $.05 to manufacture. Where the rest of the
money goes, I know not. Bob Tait of Clackamas, Oregon makes and
distributes thousands of them for free to various missionary groups and
other non-profits. My only point with Bob is that I believe they
should used as part of a general program that supports various health
and sanitation practices including safe latrines, hand washing and clean
water storage. These practices can be adapted to local cultural
practices and should include follow up and support.<BR>Our free training
programs include teaching accurate testing and interpretation of water
samples using the 3M petrifilm methods and a second fluorescent confirmatory
assay called Colilert. We also train participants in the use of the WAPI's,
and other disinfection methods and in the construction of simple solar and
biomass stoves that that families can use to heat their water and to cook.
The workshops usually take a day and a half but for efficiency sometimes can
be squeezed into a day. If there is enough interest I could organize
one here in Portland or in some other site.<BR>Tom Carter<BR><BR>
<DIV><SPAN><BR></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma,new york,times,serif; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<DIV
style="FONT-FAMILY: times new roman,new york,times,serif; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>
<HR SIZE=1>
<B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</SPAN></B> Crispin Pemberton-Pigott
<<A href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com"
target=_blank>crispinpigott@gmail.com</A>><BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> 'Tom Carter' <<A
href="mailto:tom@aguapuraparaelpueblo.org"
target=_blank>tom@aguapuraparaelpueblo.org</A>>; 'Discussion of biomass
cooking stoves' <<A href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"
target=_blank>stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</A>> <BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Thursday, February 14, 2013 11:59
AM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> RE: [Stoves] A
simple water sterilization technique<BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV class=h5><BR>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Dear
Friends</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Keeping
water in the total dark for 3 days kills quite a lot of things including
Bilharzia. When I worked in Rural Water Supply in Swaziland we provided
covered tanks with more than 3 days storage on most systems for this reason
(in the lowveld). We also used dosing boreholes with chlorination
occasionally (always when new) and precautionary chlorination using bypass
jets on pumped systems to get a 2 ppm level at the last standpipe. No one
boiled water to purify it in those days. </SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">In
contrast, nearly everyone in peri-urban and rural Indonesia boils their
drinking water. Completely different situation, for which stoves are
required.</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Regards</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Crispin</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">Jeff-</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">Thanks for the
post. Yes, it's true that pasteurization at 65C kills all pathogenic
bacteria and viruses, as well as worms and cysts. I don't recommend
"feeling it with your hand" however as even a 10 degree lower temperature
will have a much lower effectiveness. As you note, a wax indicator
developed by Dr. Robert Metcalf accurately and safely demonstrates when the
water is pathogen free. We distribute them at no cost to families and
instruct them on their use. Filtration through a clean cloth probably
helps a little, as does letting the water settle, but is not necessary for
pasteurization. Some methods that use solar UV disinfection do require
clean water and clear PET water bottles for effectiveness. They also
take longer, lack an end point and have inconsistent results and for that
reason we don't recommend them.</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">The last step is
keeping safe water safe, by storing it in clean containers with small
openings so that people cannot recontaminate it by dipping in with dirty
containers or hands.</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">I'm going to give a
water testing and water pasteurization workshop here in Portland in the next
months if anyone is interested in being trained.</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">Tom
Carter</SPAN></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'"><A
href="http://us-mg4.mail.yahoo.com/neo/aguapuraparaelpueblo.org"
rel=nofollow target=_blank>Agua Pura Para El
Pueblo</A></SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV><BR><BR></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV><BR>_______________________________________________<BR>Stoves
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clear=all><BR>-- <BR>Bruce Stahlberg<BR>Affordable Energy Solutions,
Inc.<BR>3535 East Lake Street<BR>Minneapolis, MN
55406<BR>612.724.8977<BR><A href="http://www.affordableenergysolutions.com"
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