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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Stovers,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I think wetting, keeping dry or covering new chars may just be putting of the potential problem. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>A test might be:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>1) Weigh a container<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>2) add biochar and weigh<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>3) purge with nitrogen (200c)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>4) weigh tare and dry char<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>5) purge with air (oxygen) (25c)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>6) weigh tare and biochar<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>7) purge with butane (25c)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>8) weigh tare and biochar<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Step 4 you get the moisture<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Step 6 you get oxygen up-take and potential for spontaneous combustion<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Step 8 you get butane activity<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>If this method looks good, when we get some time we will try it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>We need to get relative O2 up-take values compared to potential for Spontaneous Combustion to be able to report a SC potential Index. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Butane activity value just easily added at this time. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Frank<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Frank Shields<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Control Laboratories, Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>42 Hangar Way<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Watsonville, CA 95076<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>(831) 724-5422 tel<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>(831) 724-3188 fax<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>www.controllabs.com<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Harold Annegarn<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, February 23, 2013 12:50 AM<br><b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br><b>Cc:</b> James Robinson; Glenn Stracher<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] combustion of char<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Response from Harold Annegarn<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I make reference not to char, but to coal. Perhaps the same will apply to freshly prepared char surfaces.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>The following information arises from the phenomenon of spontaneous combustion in underground coal and in coal slag heaps. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Exposure of freshly broken coal surfaces, or in situ coal that has been in water filled voids that is subsequently exposed to air (oxygen) (as occurs when previously mined areas by bord & pillar extraction is exposed by strip mining) results in a chemical reaction known as oxysorption ==> oxygen reacts with carbon/carbonaceous matter at the surface of the coal in an exothermic reaction that results in the oxygen being absorbed into the chemical structure of the coal without necessarily being emitted as CO.. This oxysorption can occur at room temperatures and does not require elevated temperatures or a spark to start. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Thereafter, basic physics applies: if thermal energy is released from a chemical reaction, that heat is either conducted, convected or radiated away. If the rate of production is faster than the rate of dissipation, then the temperature will rise in the zone where the oxysorption is taking place. The balance between conduction, convection and radiation may change as the local temperature increases; likewise the reaction rate will increase. There must be some convection possible, otherwise the available oxygen will be consumed and the process will stop, If the local convection is large, then the surface remains cool and the reaction proceeds without large temperature rise. If the convection is limited, local temperature will increase, and eventually may reach the point where volatile matter that is driven off reaches ignition point, i.e. spontaneous combustion has commenced. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>It is not a matter of whether spon com occurs, it is just a matter of when. For this reason, modern practise of stockpiling coal discards and fines requires continual compaction of the surface to limit air ingress, and final sealing of surfaces with a meter or more of soil.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Although I I have not read anything about oxysorption on char, it is logical that similar processes are occurring, The char is a freshly prepared surface with high specific surface area due to the voids created by driving off volatile material, and with many dangling bonds at these surfaces. Not for nothing is this material also known as "activated charcoal" with good properties for absorbing ions e.g. from water for water purification.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>To test this it would be possible to char wood in a dry nitrogen or helium stream, although this would result in a different surface chemistry than if the same material is passed through the same heating cycle in the presence of oxygen. If the material is then cooled, and placed on a balance with automatic recording, the the change of weight with time can be recorded. If this is done in a closed system, with dry air passed over, then one could isolate the effect of oxygen absorption from the absorption of H2O from the atmosphere if this was done in open laboratory air with variable relative humidity.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>In the case of the spontaneous combustion accident described by Frank Shields, it appears that the raising of the temperature to just over 100 degrees C assisted in creating a heat generation rate and oxygen supply to the char samples that allowed the oxysorption to proceed to the point at which full ignition commenced - yes, he is lucky to have a lab still!<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I have copied this message and thread to Glenn Stracher, an expert on spontaneous combustion on coal, who has a much deeper understanding of these matters than the qualitative handwaving that I have given above.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Best regards<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Harold<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 23 February 2013 03:43, Frank Shields <<a href="mailto:frank@compostlab.com" target="_blank">frank@compostlab.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Stovers,<br><br>FYI<br>After having about 30 compost samples in a drying oven go up in flame it<br>looked like it started with a single char sample placed in the corner. I<br>decided to do a little research by asking Hugh McLaughlin. Another question<br>I had for him was why does some biochar samples gain weight in a drying oven<br>set at 105c.<br><br>So it seems soon after a char is produced it wants to take up oxygen. If<br>bagged in a sealed container and sent to the lab soon after being made the<br>dry sample will take up oxygen in the oven therefore gaining weight. If a<br>sample is wetted soon after being made the water prevents oxygen from being<br>taken up. Then if it becomes dry it wants oxygen, increases temperature and<br>can catch fire under the right (wrong) conditions. Char is a great insulator<br>so the heat can be trapped and build up. If there is organic materials<br>around it can flame. So before storage better give it time to take up<br>oxygen. Or if wetted do not let it dry out and keep bags of char in single<br>layers.<br><br>The forced air drying oven was left on overnight and it was in the morning<br>we found all the burned up samples. It was placed against the wall so we are<br>lucky we still have a lab!<br><br>Regards<br><br>Frank<br><br><br><br><br>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br><a href="http://www.bioenergylists.org/" target="_blank">http://www.bioenergylists.org/</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>-- <br>Harold Annegarn<br>Department of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies<br>University of Johannesburg<br>Mobile +27 (0)83 628 4210 <br>Fax +27 11 559 2430<br>Office +27 11 559 3927<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></body></html>