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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: en-us"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Dear stovers</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: en-us"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Wood or charcoal, the eternal discussion at the List; I
don’t know if it possible to bring something new to the discussion but I will
try.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>My experience is from forest
in Norway and Africa, not in Canada. About 200 years ago we changed from open
fire to cast iron stoves for cooking and heating and 80 years ago, when I was a
child some still used open fire connected to chimney for cooking and heating in
the rural arias; today there is about 50% more forest in Norway than for 100
years ago caused partly by less use of wood for cooking/ heating and partly from
change of grazing animals. When I was in Africa 1984 to 2000 the forest was
shrinking due to charcoal production, need of building materials and need of
arable land. In Zambia with a population of 13m recently they had about 2m
charcoal stoves each using 2.7 kg charcoal average every day. About 15% of adult
people were in one or another way involved into the charcoal business.
</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: en-us"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">To produce 2,7 kg charcoal you need about 10-12 kg
firewood, depending on the kiln. 10 kg of wood like pellets or woodchips into a
TLUD will give 10 to 15 hours of cooking on the energy generally by charcoal
cooking, left in the air around the kiln and in addition giving 2.5 kg biochar.
If you change the wood from the forest with pelletized agriculture, forestry and
milling waste and combustible waste from household, marked places, and industry,
you save quite a lot of forest, and if the charcoal business with their
decentralized infrastructure; change from charcoal to pellets and chopped waste
wood, they will not lose their jobs. They will also create new jobs, which are
extremely needed.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: en-us"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">With regards Paal W</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
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<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=crispinpigott@gmail.com
href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com">Crispin Pemberton-Pigott</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, April 09, 2013 7:18 AM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">'Discussion of biomass cooking
stoves'</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] Alternative to charcoal</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-SIZE: small; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none; DISPLAY: inline">
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us">Dear
Jock<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us">></SPAN>The
numbers I have for wood pellets suggest around 8,000 BTUs per pound. <SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">There
is a pretty comprehensive list of heat values at the back of a WBT spreadsheet.
12,000 would be a a bit about right for charcoal. The heat value of char
produced in a TLUD or a fire has not been very well studied. Jim Jetter’s Aug
2012 paper has some values.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">The
heat value of wood is only what people are going to get from it, not what it
would be if it were dried (which also applies to
charcoal).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">I
am in Central Java at the moment and the charcoal in the lab has been sitting
around for a while. The average moisture content is 8.8% according the lab lady
Julianna. The heat content is 26.7 MJ/kg which is slightly below the 12,000 BTU
mark.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">The
local wood even after months of drying is about 15-16% moisture. With a heat
content of about 19.2 MJ/kg dry at 16% it is 15.7 MJ/kg. Lots of woods have a
lower heat value than that and many people use damp wood – no doubt about it. It
bubbles and dribbles continuously. So the reality is that what people put
into their stoves is often below ½ the heat value of charcoal per kg. Further,
the char produced by a TLUD is expected to be 0% moisture if it is used within a
day or so it will pay to keep an eye on what exactly is being claimed. Fresh
charcoal has a very low moisture level. Most fuelwood does not. That is the
comparison I am thinking of. A direct comparison between the average fuelwood
<I>as used</I> and locally made charcoal <I>as used</I> is ≈15.5 v.s. 29.5
MJ/kg.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">If
I put 1 kg of 15% moisture wattle (15.9 MJ/kg) into a TLUD stove and create 20%
char (20% of the moist mass) the net heat provided by the fire is 10 MJ/kg. The
heat available from the char is still 29.5 so the total is the difference the
bit between: 15.9-10 = 5.9 MJ.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">If
someone wants to switch from wood fuel to a ‘cleaner’ TLUD and that TLUD is not
1.5 times as efficient in transferring heat, their raw fuel consumption will
increase.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">Regards<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d">Crispin<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P></DIV></DIV>
<P>
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