<html><head><style type='text/css'>p { margin: 0; }</style></head><body><div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000'><style>p { margin: 0; }</style><link href="/zimbra/css/msgview.css?v=201303250001" rel="stylesheet"><div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000">Tom - several ccs.<br><br> Thanks: You amaze me. I better understand your terminology now.<br><br> Looks like a well done report. Too bad that 33 years ago, there was not as much interest as today in pyrolysis - not covered at all in this report. So I only skimmed it. <br><br> It is interesting what might have happened if Jimmy Carter had won instead of Ronald Reagen. In 1981 and 1982, I saw all this sort of work disappear.<br><br> The appendix listed numerous names in the biomass gasification business. I think they may all be out of business. Here are those for the US. None listed for China and Inda, where there seem to be many equipment producers now.<br><br> Does anyone recognize any on this list?<br><br>Applied Engineering Co.<br>Orangeberg, SC 29115<br>E. B. Rogers<br>(803) 534-2424 ----------------Found nothing.<br><br>Advanced Energy Applications, Inc.<br>1386 Holt Avenue<br>Los Altos, CA 94022<br>F. E. Moreno<br>(415) 964-5429 ----------------Found nothing.<br><br>American Fyr Feeder<br>Des Plaines, IL<br>G. V. Voss----------------Found nothing.<br><br>Andco, Inc.<br>Buffalo, NY<br>S. D. Mark ............. Maybe with new name<br><br>Biomass Corporation<br>951 Live Oak Blvd.<br>P.O. Box 487<br>Yuba City, CA 95991<br>Bob Williams<br>(916) 674-7230......................Kaput <br><br>Century Research Inc.<br>16935 S.Vermont Ave<br>Gardena, CA 90247<br>Howard Amundsen<br>(213) 327-2405............. Unlikely<br><br>Davy Powergas Inc.<br>6161 Savoy Drive<br>P.O. Box 36446<br>Houston, TX<br>Edgar E. Bailey<br>(713) 782-3440 .................Inactive Florda?<br><br>Energy Products of Idaho<br>3805 Industrial Ave., South<br>Couer d' Alene, ID 83814<br>Michael L. Murphy<br>(208) 667-2481........ Maybe merged into Outotek<br><br>ERCO, Inc.<br>Cambridge, MA<br>Herb Kosstrin<br>(617) 661-311<br><br>Forest Fuels, Inc.<br>7 Main Street<br>Keene, NH 03431<br>J. C. Calhoun/R. A. Caughey<br><br>Guaranty Performance Co., Inc.<br>1120 East Main, P. 0. Box 748<br>T,, .,gnce, KS 67301<br>John SL:;ford<br>(316) 331-0020<br><br>Halcyon<br>Maple Street<br>East Andover, NH<br>George Finnie<br>(603) 735-5356<br><br>Industrial Combustion<br>4465 N. Oakland Ave.<br>Milwaukee, WI 53211<br>James Fletcher<br>(414) 332-4100<br><br>Industrial Development & Procurement, Inc.<br>(Duvant Moteurs gasifier)<br>One Old Country Road<br>Carle Place, NY 11514<br>Jules A. Lussier<br>(516) 248-0880<br><br>Koppers Company, Inc.<br>Engineering and Construction Division<br>1150 Koppers Bldg<br>Pittsburg, PA 15219<br>James W. Bumbaugh<br><br>Enerco Inc.<br>139A Old Oxford Valley Road<br>Langhrne, PA 19047<br>Miles J. Thompson<br>(215) 493-6565<br><br>Environmental Energy Corporation<br>Route 28, P.O. Box 30<br>Rochester, MA 02770<br>Carmen Chevie<br>(617) 763-5117<br><br>The Vermont Wood Energy Corp.<br>P.O.<br>Box 280<br>Stowe, VT 05672<br>J.<br>P. Rich<br>(802) 253-7220<br><br><br>Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.<br>(Gasodyne gasifier)<br>5700 Merle Hay Road<br>Johnston, IA 50131<br>Walter Stohigren<br><br>Union Carbide Corp.<br>New York, NY<br>C. T. Moses<br><br>Mutheson-Doherty<br>191 Beacon Street<br>San Francisco, CA 94080<br>W. C. Matheson<br>(415) 583-6161<br><br>McDowell-Wello.an Engineering Co.<br>113 St. Clair Avenue, N.E.<br>Cleveland, OH 44114<br><br>Nichols Engineering and Research<br>Homestead and Willow<br>Belle Mead, NJ 08502<br>Paul S. Fabian<br>(201) 359-8200<br><br>Pillard Inc.<br>8001 Franklin Farms Drive<br>Suite 207, Kroger Bldg.<br>Box K121<br>Richmond, VA 23288<br>(804) 288-1141<br><br><br><br><hr id="zwchr"><b>From: </b>"Tom Miles" <tmiles@trmiles.com><br><b>To: </b>"Ron" <rongretlarson@comcast.net>, biochar@yahoogroups.com<br><b>Cc: </b>"Discussion of biomass cooking stoves" <stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org>, "Paul Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu><br><b>Sent: </b>Sunday, April 28, 2013 4:48:48 PM<br><b>Subject: </b>RE: [Stoves] [biochar] TLUD advances -- Two more uses of char<br><br><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Courier Std";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
pre
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
span.apple-style-span
{mso-style-name:apple-style-span;}
span.cat
{mso-style-name:cat;}
span.ct
{mso-style-name:ct;}
span.BalloonTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Balloon Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text";
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
span.EmailStyle23
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
p.Default, li.Default, div.Default
{mso-style-name:Default;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier Std";
color:black;}
p.CM163, li.CM163, div.CM163
{mso-style-name:CM163;
mso-style-priority:99;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier Std";}
p.CM164, li.CM164, div.CM164
{mso-style-name:CM164;
mso-style-priority:99;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier Std";}
p.CM165, li.CM165, div.CM165
{mso-style-name:CM165;
mso-style-priority:99;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Courier Std";}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:"Courier New";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:460194903;
mso-list-template-ids:1891012770;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
--></style><div class="WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Ron,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">The citation is “T.R. Miles”.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">When you pyrolyze wood you generate char, gas (condensable and non-condensable) and condensable oils. The gas and oil can contain considerable water. One way to convert that delicious soup to a clean, combustible gas is to gasify it in a charcoal gasifier. There are pre-commercial systems underdevelopment to produce charcoal and clean gas using this method.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I learned of making clean gas in this manner from a charcoal gasifier developed at the Tropical Products Institute in the UK in about 1975; in 1977 from E.R. Mellenger, Mellenger Gasodyne, New Brunswick, Canada; in 1975ff from our friend Eldon Beagle, Rice Husk Consultant, California; from managers of plants in France that were making charcoal and wood derived products at the time; and from others since then. </span></p><p class="Default"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">See, for example: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">E.R. Mellenger in E.G. Baker, et. al “ASSESSMENT OF LARGE SCALE BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES,” PNL 1985 </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><a href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAL767.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1F497D;text-decoration:none">http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAL767.pdf</span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Eldon Beagle, 1978, “Rice Husk conversion to energy”, FAO Agricultural</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">services Bulleting 31, Rome, 1978. <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/123119988/rice-hull-conversion-to-energy-1978" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1F497D;text-decoration:none">http://www.scribd.com/doc/123119988/rice-hull-conversion-to-energy-1978</span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">In the TLUD you burn the pyrolysis products along with the gas due to the high oxidation. If you introduce char into the fuel bed of a TLUD it is likely that you will combust some of the char since it still contains some volatiles and the char burns in direct contact with air. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Tom</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Ron [mailto:rongretlarson@comcast.net] <br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, April 28, 2013 2:33 PM<br><b>To:</b> biochar@yahoogroups.com; Tom Miles<br><b>Cc:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves; Paul Anderson<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar] TLUD advances -- Two more uses of char</span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><div><p class="MsoNormal">Tom et al</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"> Any cite for the 5-7% value?</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"> Your last sentence is confusing to me with the word "gasifying pyrolysis gases" in it. Paul is striving for only pyrolysis, and don't think he is proposing a packed charcoal bed.</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Ron<br><br></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>On Apr 28, 2013, at 2:19 PM, "Tom Miles" <<a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com" target="_blank">tmiles@trmiles.com</a>> wrote:</p></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><div id="ygrp-mlmsg"><div id="ygrp-msg"><div id="ygrp-text"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Paul,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">It’s a great idea to use char as a filler but there is a cost. I am sure that you will find that a small percentage of the charcoal “filler” will be consumed as charcoal will burn in direct contact with air or through reduction of the char. You will always have a little excess air or moisture in the bed. When charcoal is used as a packed bed for gasifying pyrolysis gases charcoal consumption is estimated at 5-7%. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">Tom</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Stoves [<a href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Ron<br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, April 28, 2013 1:08 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>; Paul Anderson<br><b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>; Eckhardt, Bradley D; Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar] TLUD advances -- Two more uses of char</span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> </p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Paul et al</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> This is to recognize and applaud the "char filler" suggestion you received from NASA's Dr. Jack Bacon. I like it and hope we can hear soon from some who may have tried it. My guess is that there is some maximum char volume above which Andrew's observation today of char combustion will prevail. </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> You correctly talked of the pyrolysis front. Equally, users should be thinking about char combustion if any char particle gets hot enough while the upward flowing primary air still contains O2. Upflowing primary a<span class="apple-style-span">ir can get to char easier than fuel since there will be no/little exiting gases from the char.</span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> Good note.</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Ron</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><br>On Apr 28, 2013, at 10:01 AM, Paul Anderson <<a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>> wrote:</p></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> </p><div id="ygrp-mlmsg"><div id="ygrp-msg"><div id="ygrp-text"><p>Dear all,<br><br>These two and many other "tips" need to be collected and told to TLUD <br>stove users. One avenue is in Christa's Manual, Another is in stove <br>manuals and at training sessions. And at websites, etc.<br><br>1. Charcoal to extinguish hot charcoal: When dealing with small <br>amounts of hot charcoal as in the residential TLUD stoves, one easy way <br>to extinguish hot charcoal is to dump it into a somewhat larger amount <br>of already extinguished (cold) char. The cold char takes up much of <br>the heat, extinguishing the hot char. Be sure that it is well mixed <br>and sufficiently cooled to avoid re-ignition. This is best done in <br>containers that can be sealed. Containers of metal or ceramic are <br>best, but even wood could be used if the quantity of cold char is <br>sufficient to prevent the hot char from reaching the sides. As always, <br>be careful because oxygen to a small hot ember can lead to much greater <br>combustion.<br><br>2. "Space fillers" in loose fuels in TLUD devices:<br><br>General note about fuel in TLUDs:<br>In general, dry biomass fuels in TLUDs need to appropriately fill most <br>of the air-space in the fuel chamber. This is accomplished with <br>smallish pieces such as wood chips, pellets, short-cut twigs, and shells <br>of seeds. Also, careful packing with vertical wood-segments or <br>straight-ish reeds can occupy the space. But twisted sticks and <br>long-ish pieces that bridge inside the fuel chamber leave too much space <br>unoccupied. In those cases, the space can be appropriately occupied by <br>adding small pieces, as named above. Shake the TLUD to assure that the <br>pieces have settled in well, and add more as needed. These fillers <br>will also pyrolyze and become charcoal.<br><br>Inert materials as "space fillers": Technically, the space fillers <br>could be inert materials such as ball bearings or pebbles (of rock that <br>will not shatter with this heat) or fired clay balls. Although they <br>could function effectively, they would require separation after the <br>batch is unloaded and cooled. But there is one material that solves <br>these inconveniences and costs. It is charcoal.<br><br>Charcoal as a space filler: TLUD stoves make charcoal. Therefore, <br>charcoal is not a fuel for TLUD stoves. However, small pieces of <br>charcoal (but not charcoal fines) can also be used as "space fillers" to <br>solve the need to restrict air flow in the fuel chamber. The char will <br>not pyrolyze and will not burn (char-gasify or oxidize) as the pyrolysis <br>front moves downward through that biomass fuel.<br><br>a. Char is abundant for TLUD users, and at no additional cost, and is <br>not consumed.<br><br>b. Unlike small pieces of biomass as fillers, char pieces cannot catch <br>on fire and then fall down to the lower areas of the fuel chamber and <br>igniting fire there.<br><br>Charcoal as a reducer of thermal output: Clearly in the above <br>statements when charcoal is used as a space filler, the fuel chamber <br>contains less biomass and therefore less heat will be generated (which <br>is desirable for simmering and some other cooking needs).<br><br>Another variation is to have well packed (mainly straight) wood or reeds <br>or stems as a vertical bundle in the middle of a TLUD fuel chamber. <br>Then load in small charcoal all around the bundle to fill in the <br>remaining space. When used (pyrolyzed), the fuel will yield heat in <br>proportion to its cross-sectional area of the fuel bundle, not of the <br>entire cross-sectional area of the fuel cylinder. This is because the <br>annulus of char is essentially non-combustible at the pyrolytic <br>temperatures in the TLUD reactor.<br><br>Variations of all of the above need to be tested and even measured. <br>(This will be utilized at the Stove Camp at Aprovecho 22 - 26 July 2013).<br><br>Note: Credit for much of the above goes to Dr. Jack Bacon, a senior <br>scientist at the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. Jack, a <br>leader in the local chapter of Engineers Without Borders (EWB-JSC), <br>suggested charcoal as fillers during discussions in April 2013 with Paul <br>Anderson about an EWB project to use TLUDs for heat in a fruit dryer in <br>Rwanda.<br><br>Dr TLUD<br><br>-- <br>Paul S. Anderson, PhD aka "Dr TLUD"<br>Email: <a href="mailto:psanders%40ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<br>Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:white">__._,_.___</span></p></div><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3"><tbody><tr><td style="border:solid #EAEAEA 1.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:white"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJyY2p1OTVhBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRtc2dJZAMxNDk2MARzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNycGx5BHN0aW1lAzEzNjcxODAzNjM-?act=reply&messageNum=14960" target="_blank"><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Reply via web post</span></a> </span></b></p></td><td style="border:solid #EAEAEA 1.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:white"><a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com?subject=RE%3A%20%5BStoves%5D%20%5Bbiochar%5D%20TLUD%20advances%20--%20Two%20more%20uses%20of%20char" target="_blank"><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Reply to sender </span></a></span></p></td><td style="border:solid #EAEAEA 1.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:white"><a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com?subject=RE%3A%20%5BStoves%5D%20%5Bbiochar%5D%20TLUD%20advances%20--%20Two%20more%20uses%20of%20char" target="_blank"><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Reply to group </span></a></span></p></td><td style="border:solid #EAEAEA 1.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:white"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJmNG5nZ2doBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNudHBjBHN0aW1lAzEzNjcxODAzNjM-" target="_blank"><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Start a New Topic</span></a> </span></p></td><td style="border:solid #EAEAEA 1.0pt;background:#F2F2F2;padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:15.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#2D50FD"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar/message/14958;_ylc=X3oDMTM3NXRhZnJjBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRtc2dJZAMxNDk2MARzZWMDZnRyBHNsawN2dHBjBHN0aW1lAzEzNjcxODAzNjMEdHBjSWQDMTQ5NTg-" target="_blank"><span style="color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none">Messages in this topic</span></a> (3) </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin-bottom:7.5pt" id="ygrp-vital"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#333333;text-transform:uppercase">Recent Activity:</span></b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span></p><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0in 4.0pt 0in 0in;background:#F2F2F2;margin-left:-.25in;margin-right:0in"><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:#F2F2F2;border:none;padding:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span class="cat"><b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJnZW9ocGI2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRzZWMDdnRsBHNsawN2bWJycwRzdGltZQMxMzY3MTgwMzYz?o=6" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">New Members</span></a></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> <span class="ct"><span style="color:#FF7900">4</span></span> </span></b></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F2F2F2"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1E66AE"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar;_ylc=X3oDMTJmNTh1bDg3BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRzZWMDdnRsBHNsawN2Z2hwBHN0aW1lAzEzNjcxODAzNjM-" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">Visit Your Group</span></a> </span></p></div></div><div style="border:solid #D8D8D8 1.0pt;padding:0in 8.0pt 0in 8.0pt;margin-top:3.75pt;margin-bottom:7.5pt;float:left" id="ygrp-mkp"><div style="margin-top:7.5pt;margin-bottom:7.5pt" id="hd"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:121%"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:121%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#628C2A">MARKETPLACE</span></b></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:7.5pt" id="ads"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#628C2A"><img src="http://us.bc.yahoo.com/b?P=eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b&T=1d44kp10u%2fX%3d1367180364%2fE%3d1707418612%2fR%3dgroups%2fK%3d5%2fV%3d2.1%2fW%3dH%2fY%3dYAHOO%2fF%3d862652264%2fH%3dY29udGVudD0iQXVjdGlvbnM7QXV0b3M7TWVzc2FnZV9Cb2FyZHM7U2hvcHBpbmc7U21hbGxfQnVzaW5lc3M7R3JvdXBzO1llbGxvd19QYWdlcztGaW5hbmNlO1dlYXRoZXI7UGVvcGxlOyIgZGlzYWJsZXNodWZmbGluZz0iMSIgc2VydmVJZD0iZWFmMGMwY2EtYjA0MC0xMWUyLWI1NjEtMjc4Nzc1MDhiMTRiIiBzaXRlSWQ9IjQ0NTI1NTEiIHRTdG1wPSIxMzY3MTgwMzY0MDU4MTA3IiA-%2fQ%3d-1%2fS%3d1%2fJ%3d0627C10A&U=128e1ahgi%2fN%3dpYrcM2KL5Qs-%2fC%3d-2%2fD%3dMKP1%2fB%3d-2%2fV%3d0" id="_x0000_i1025" dfsrc="http://us.bc.yahoo.com/b?P=eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b&T=1d44kp10u%2fX%3d1367180364%2fE%3d1707418612%2fR%3dgroups%2fK%3d5%2fV%3d2.1%2fW%3dH%2fY%3dYAHOO%2fF%3d862652264%2fH%3dY29udGVudD0iQXVjdGlvbnM7QXV0b3M7TWVzc2FnZV9Cb2FyZHM7U2hvcHBpbmc7U21hbGxfQnVzaW5lc3M7R3JvdXBzO1llbGxvd19QYWdlcztGaW5hbmNlO1dlYXRoZXI7UGVvcGxlOyIgZGlzYWJsZXNodWZmbGluZz0iMSIgc2VydmVJZD0iZWFmMGMwY2EtYjA0MC0xMWUyLWI1NjEtMjc4Nzc1MDhiMTRiIiBzaXRlSWQ9IjQ0NTI1NTEiIHRTdG1wPSIxMzY3MTgwMzY0MDU4MTA3IiA-%2fQ%3d-1%2fS%3d1%2fJ%3d0627C10A&U=128e1ahgi%2fN%3dpYrcM2KL5Qs-%2fC%3d-2%2fD%3dMKP1%2fB%3d-2%2fV%3d0" border="0" height="1" width="1"><img src="http://csc.beap.bc.yahoo.com/yi?bv=1.0.0&bs=(132pbgdk0(gid$eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b,st$1367180364058107,si$4452551,sp$1707418612,pv$1,v$2.0))&t=J_3-D_3&al=(as$121iu951u,aid$XKwLBGKL4JQ-,cr$-1,ct$25,at$H,eob$-1)" id="_x0000_i1026" dfsrc="http://csc.beap.bc.yahoo.com/yi?bv=1.0.0&bs=(132pbgdk0(gid$eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b,st$1367180364058107,si$4452551,sp$1707418612,pv$1,v$2.0))&t=J_3-D_3&al=(as$121iu951u,aid$XKwLBGKL4JQ-,cr$-1,ct$25,at$H,eob$-1)" border="0" height="1" width="1"></span></b></p></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#628C2A"><hr align="center" size="3" width="100%"></span></b></div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#628C2A"><img src="http://us.bc.yahoo.com/b?P=eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b&T=1d3ju5o3g%2fX%3d1367180364%2fE%3d1707418612%2fR%3dgroups%2fK%3d5%2fV%3d2.1%2fW%3dH%2fY%3dYAHOO%2fF%3d71672466%2fH%3dY29udGVudD0iQXVjdGlvbnM7QXV0b3M7TWVzc2FnZV9Cb2FyZHM7U2hvcHBpbmc7U21hbGxfQnVzaW5lc3M7R3JvdXBzO1llbGxvd19QYWdlcztGaW5hbmNlO1dlYXRoZXI7UGVvcGxlOyIgZGlzYWJsZXNodWZmbGluZz0iMSIgc2VydmVJZD0iZWFmMGMwY2EtYjA0MC0xMWUyLWI1NjEtMjc4Nzc1MDhiMTRiIiBzaXRlSWQ9IjQ0NTI1NTEiIHRTdG1wPSIxMzY3MTgwMzY0MDU4MTA3IiA-%2fQ%3d-1%2fS%3d1%2fJ%3d0627C10A&U=128gurb6r%2fN%3dpIrcM2KL5Qs-%2fC%3d-2%2fD%3dMKP1%2fB%3d-2%2fV%3d0" id="_x0000_i1028" dfsrc="http://us.bc.yahoo.com/b?P=eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b&T=1d3ju5o3g%2fX%3d1367180364%2fE%3d1707418612%2fR%3dgroups%2fK%3d5%2fV%3d2.1%2fW%3dH%2fY%3dYAHOO%2fF%3d71672466%2fH%3dY29udGVudD0iQXVjdGlvbnM7QXV0b3M7TWVzc2FnZV9Cb2FyZHM7U2hvcHBpbmc7U21hbGxfQnVzaW5lc3M7R3JvdXBzO1llbGxvd19QYWdlcztGaW5hbmNlO1dlYXRoZXI7UGVvcGxlOyIgZGlzYWJsZXNodWZmbGluZz0iMSIgc2VydmVJZD0iZWFmMGMwY2EtYjA0MC0xMWUyLWI1NjEtMjc4Nzc1MDhiMTRiIiBzaXRlSWQ9IjQ0NTI1NTEiIHRTdG1wPSIxMzY3MTgwMzY0MDU4MTA3IiA-%2fQ%3d-1%2fS%3d1%2fJ%3d0627C10A&U=128gurb6r%2fN%3dpIrcM2KL5Qs-%2fC%3d-2%2fD%3dMKP1%2fB%3d-2%2fV%3d0" border="0" height="1" width="1"><img src="http://csc.beap.bc.yahoo.com/yi?bv=1.0.0&bs=(132pbgdk0(gid$eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b,st$1367180364058107,si$4452551,sp$1707418612,pv$1,v$2.0))&t=J_3-D_3&al=(as$121i5lamc,aid$Z_MLBGKL4JQ-,cr$-1,ct$25,at$H,eob$-1)" id="_x0000_i1029" dfsrc="http://csc.beap.bc.yahoo.com/yi?bv=1.0.0&bs=(132pbgdk0(gid$eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b,st$1367180364058107,si$4452551,sp$1707418612,pv$1,v$2.0))&t=J_3-D_3&al=(as$121i5lamc,aid$Z_MLBGKL4JQ-,cr$-1,ct$25,at$H,eob$-1)" border="0" height="1" width="1"></span></b></p></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#628C2A"><hr align="center" size="3" width="100%"></span></b></div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#628C2A"><img src="http://us.bc.yahoo.com/b?P=eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b&T=1d5sjmkes%2fX%3d1367180364%2fE%3d1707418612%2fR%3dgroups%2fK%3d5%2fV%3d2.1%2fW%3dH%2fY%3dYAHOO%2fF%3d2086961749%2fH%3dY29udGVudD0iQXVjdGlvbnM7QXV0b3M7TWVzc2FnZV9Cb2FyZHM7U2hvcHBpbmc7U21hbGxfQnVzaW5lc3M7R3JvdXBzO1llbGxvd19QYWdlcztGaW5hbmNlO1dlYXRoZXI7UGVvcGxlOyIgZGlzYWJsZXNodWZmbGluZz0iMSIgc2VydmVJZD0iZWFmMGMwY2EtYjA0MC0xMWUyLWI1NjEtMjc4Nzc1MDhiMTRiIiBzaXRlSWQ9IjQ0NTI1NTEiIHRTdG1wPSIxMzY3MTgwMzY0MDU4MTA3IiA-%2fQ%3d-1%2fS%3d1%2fJ%3d0627C10A&U=128egp7pf%2fN%3dporcM2KL5Qs-%2fC%3d-2%2fD%3dMKP1%2fB%3d-2%2fV%3d0" id="_x0000_i1031" dfsrc="http://us.bc.yahoo.com/b?P=eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b&T=1d5sjmkes%2fX%3d1367180364%2fE%3d1707418612%2fR%3dgroups%2fK%3d5%2fV%3d2.1%2fW%3dH%2fY%3dYAHOO%2fF%3d2086961749%2fH%3dY29udGVudD0iQXVjdGlvbnM7QXV0b3M7TWVzc2FnZV9Cb2FyZHM7U2hvcHBpbmc7U21hbGxfQnVzaW5lc3M7R3JvdXBzO1llbGxvd19QYWdlcztGaW5hbmNlO1dlYXRoZXI7UGVvcGxlOyIgZGlzYWJsZXNodWZmbGluZz0iMSIgc2VydmVJZD0iZWFmMGMwY2EtYjA0MC0xMWUyLWI1NjEtMjc4Nzc1MDhiMTRiIiBzaXRlSWQ9IjQ0NTI1NTEiIHRTdG1wPSIxMzY3MTgwMzY0MDU4MTA3IiA-%2fQ%3d-1%2fS%3d1%2fJ%3d0627C10A&U=128egp7pf%2fN%3dporcM2KL5Qs-%2fC%3d-2%2fD%3dMKP1%2fB%3d-2%2fV%3d0" border="0" height="1" width="1"><img src="http://csc.beap.bc.yahoo.com/yi?bv=1.0.0&bs=(132pbgdk0(gid$eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b,st$1367180364058107,si$4452551,sp$1707418612,pv$1,v$2.0))&t=J_3-D_3&al=(as$121ie2vrc,aid$cjoMBGKL4JQ-,cr$-1,ct$25,at$H,eob$-1)" id="_x0000_i1032" dfsrc="http://csc.beap.bc.yahoo.com/yi?bv=1.0.0&bs=(132pbgdk0(gid$eaf0c0ca-b040-11e2-b561-27877508b14b,st$1367180364058107,si$4452551,sp$1707418612,pv$1,v$2.0))&t=J_3-D_3&al=(as$121ie2vrc,aid$cjoMBGKL4JQ-,cr$-1,ct$25,at$H,eob$-1)" border="0" height="1" width="1"></span></b></p></div></div></div><div style="margin-top:3.75pt" id="ft"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZTR0NnU3BF9TAzk3NDc2NTkwBGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNnZnAEc3RpbWUDMTM2NzE4MDM2Mw--" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" id="_x0000_i1033" alt="Yahoo! Groups" dfsrc="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" border="0" height="15" width="137"></span></a></span></p><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#747575">Switch to: <a href="mailto:biochar-traditional@yahoogroups.com?subject=Change%20Delivery%20Format:%20Traditional" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">Text-Only</span></a>, <a href="mailto:biochar-digest@yahoogroups.com?subject=Email%20Delivery:%20Digest" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">Daily Digest</span></a> • <a href="mailto:biochar-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com?subject=Unsubscribe" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">Unsubscribe</span></a> • <a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">Terms of Use</span></a> • <a href="mailto:ygroupsnotifications@yahoogroups.com?subject=Feedback%20on%20the%20redesigned%20individual%20mail%20v1" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">Send us Feedback </span></a></span></p></div></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:1.0pt;color:white">.</span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><img src="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97359714/grpId=22438052/grpspId=1707418612/msgId=14960/stime=1367180363/nc1=1/nc2=2/nc3=3" id="_x0000_i1034" dfsrc="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97359714/grpId=22438052/grpspId=1707418612/msgId=14960/stime=1367180363/nc1=1/nc2=2/nc3=3" border="0" height="1" width="1"></p><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:white">__,_._,___</span></p></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></body></html>