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<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Dear Paul</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=paul.olivier@esrla.com href="mailto:paul.olivier@esrla.com">Paul
Olivier</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Discussion of biomass cooking
stoves</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, August 08, 2013 9:12
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] more on ocean
acidification</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>Kevin,<BR><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>No one in the scientific community is saying that the pH of the
oceans have fallen below 7.0 and become acidic.</DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial># The statements certainly create the impression
that "Anthropogenic CO2 is making the Oceans acidic.".</FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>Your questions miss the point altogether.</DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial># I am asking the question, in an attempt to put
things in perspective. The issue lacks perspective.</FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>Please read the links I have posted.</DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial># I did. Both contain little of substance, but
rather, seem to be "an embarkation on studies to see if we have a
problem."</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>The first link <A
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/opinion/marine-life-on-a-warming-planet.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/opinion/marine-life-on-a-warming-planet.html</A> seems
to confirm the need for an answer to my previous question.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>" <FONT face="Times New Roman">The first step
will be to monitor ocean acidity with greater breadth and accuracy and to
create an acidity budget — an assessment of just how much acidity is
contributed by whom. Next it will seek to reduce carbon pollution from
land-based sources, including agricultural and urban runoff.
</FONT>"</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>The second link </FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial><A
href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1306/S00439/un-general-assembly-to-explore-impact-of-ocean-acidification.htm">http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1306/S00439/un-general-assembly-to-explore-impact-of-ocean-acidification.htm</A> </FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>is basically an "expression of concern" with the
opening paragraph being:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>" <FONT face="Times New Roman">New York, Jun 17
2013 - The United Nations General Assembly will begin today its consideration
of the impacts that the increasing acidification of the world's oceans will
have on the marine environment and on people.</FONT>"</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>It puzzles me that if the "Ocean Acidification
Problem" is so serious, why did the UN only start to take a look at it on 17
June, 2013?</FONT></DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT>
<DIV dir=ltr><BR><FONT face=Arial>Please see: <A
href="http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12235.full">http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12235.full</A>,
and in particular its Fig. 2. , copied below:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><IMG border=0 hspace=0 alt="" align=baseline
src="cid:8290A34794E144F29AC3E667899BAAF7@usera594fda0bf"></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><BR><FONT face=Arial>Note, in the 5th panel, that the pH has
dropped by .002 pH units per year in the top 500 meters, but has INCREASED by
about .0005 pH units from the 600 to 8,000 meter depth. In terms of total
ocean volume, we get</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>A: 0 to 500 meters: 500 x (-.002) = -1
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>and </FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>B: 600 to 8,000 meters: (8000-600) x (+.0005) =
7400 x +.0005 = + 3.7</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>Thus when the total "big picture" is considered,
the bulk of the Oceans is getting more alkaline, and is NOT
acidifying.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial># One could suggest that "The Alarmists" are
simply revealing part of the problem, and not showing the whole picture.This
simple calculation could suggest that what the world needs now is MORE
CO2 and better mixing, to prevent pH at depth from increasing
excessively.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>This issue is far too complex to be addressed in
the shallow way that "The Alartmist Press" treats it. Aslo, the issue is
probably best moved to another forum, like Biochar Policy, in that it has
little relevance to the Stove List.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>Best wishes,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial>Kevin</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV dir=ltr>Paul<BR></DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_extra><BR><BR>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 6:41 PM, Kevin <SPAN
dir=ltr><<A href="mailto:kchisholm@ca.inter.net"
target=_blank>kchisholm@ca.inter.net</A>></SPAN> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><U></U>
<DIV bgcolor="#ffffff">
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Dear Paul</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Crispin indicates that the mass of the ocean is about
1.33 billion billion tons, i.e., 1.33 x 10^12 tons. That is a lot of
water.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>The oceans are now alkaline. Some CO2 additions will
lower the pH of the ocean, but the oceans will still be
alkaline.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>How much CO2 would be required to actually make the
oceans acidic? </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>At current rates of anthropogenic CO2 production, how
long would it take for the Oceans to actually become acidic?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Thanks!</FONT></DIV><SPAN class=HOEnZb><FONT
color=#888888>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial>Kevin</FONT></DIV></FONT></SPAN>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV>
<DIV class=h5>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4"><B>From:</B> <A
title=paul.olivier@esrla.com href="mailto:paul.olivier@esrla.com"
target=_blank>Paul Olivier</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" target=_blank>Discussion of
biomass cooking stoves</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, August 08, 2013 7:08
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Stoves] more on ocean
acidification</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>Crispin,<BR><BR></DIV>The term that the scientific community uses is
"ocean acidification," and this is a very real environmental problem that
most people in the scientific community do not deny.<BR><BR></DIV>Many
thanks.<BR></DIV>Paul Olivier<BR></DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_extra><BR><BR>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 12:27 PM, Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott <SPAN dir=ltr><<A
href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com"
target=_blank>crispinpigott@gmail.com</A>></SPAN> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>
<DIV lang=EN-CA link="blue" vlink="purple">
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Dear
Friends<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">I
have been catching up on less important correspondence after being in
Asia for a while. There is one thing that still needs to be put down
like a broken-legged horse and that of course is the idea that
CO<SUB>2</SUB> ‘acidifies’ the ocean.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Because
this is a high school chemistry level topic and I know some of us took
other things – or as the drummer in my brothers class said, “I don’t
remember Chemistry, I was stoned that year.”<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">So
for those of you who were also stoned that year or can’t remember back
that far, here is a simple review of pH with special reference to the
oceans, CO<SUB>2</SUB> and the false, badly mis-named idea that
CO<SUB>2</SUB> ‘increases the acidity of the
oceans’.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">The
term pH refers to one of three distinct chemical conditions which bear
no relationship to each other. One is called acidity, another is called
alkalinity and third is ‘neutral’. Acidity and alkalinity are so
different that if equal in ‘strength’ they cancel each other completely
leaving a neutral condition. Different pH numbers refer to different
conditions.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Acid
solutions (it has to be a solution with water in it) have a chemistry
that has Hydrogen atoms stripped of their single electron. They are thus
positively changed and seeking an electron. This they will happily strip
out of anything passing by if they can find it, tearing the molecules to
bits in the process which is why acids ‘eat’
things.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Alkaline
solutions (again, involving water) have molecules that have an extra
electron available (but not Hydrogen) and are thus negatively charged.
They will give away an electron happily, often wrecking the object that
receives it which is why they eat things too but by a completely
different process.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Both
acidic and alkaline solutions can corrode things like metals and rocks.
One takes electrons and one gives them. Quote opposite. The two
conditions are so incompatible they cannot be present at the same time
in a mixed solution. It is one, the other or ‘neutral’ if neither
condition is present.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">If
you have an alkaline solution like the ocean (pH 7.8 - 8.4 depending on
where you are, the time of day and a host of other things) and you want
to neutralise it so that all its spare electrons are taken up by various
things, you would have to add something acidic. Adding CO<SUB>2</SUB> by
bubbling it through the seawater will convert some of the CO<SUB>2</SUB>
(about 1%) to carbonic acid which has a deficiency of electrons and that
acid will merge with whichever passing opportunity presents itself. The
corresponding alkaline molecule will be neutralised as its spare
electron will be passed to the carbonic acid molecule (which has an
H<SUP>-</SUP> in it) and afterwards neither will have any charge. Both
will be neutralised if the charges are
balanced.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Because
this happens very quickly, you cannot actually find any carbonic acid in
the ocean. Nor any other acid. The oceans are not acidic at all.
Any ocean has quite a store of available electrons. Anything acidic you
dump into the sea is quickly neutralised and the pH drops slightly
because it is closer to a neutral condition. The oceanic capacity to
hand over electrons to any passing electron gap is very, very large.
There are several processes that would begin to offer electrons but do
not because the ocean is too alkaline to allow them to get started. The
ability to do this is called the ‘buffering’ capacity. You may remember
‘Bufferin’ the pill that neutralises stomach acid. The pill is alkaline
and has a large buffering capacity so it can hand a lot of electrons
over to the acid in the stomach, thus neutralising it. If you took a
whole bottle of Bufferin pills, your stomach would not become less and
less and less acidic. It would be neutralised and then become alkaline
and remains so until the spare electrons were taken up in a neutralising
process. People are, in general, alkaline and should eat alkaline foods
to remain healthy. Excess acid is a problem.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">By
the same measure, reducing the availability of spare electrons in the
ocean water does not <I>at all</I> make the water acidic because it
still has many more available electrons. It is less alkaline, but it is
not acidic at all – zero in the ‘acidic scale’ (there isn’t one).
<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">In
order to make a convenient metric for describing these two conditions
(which can cancel each other out very predictably) the pH scale is used.
Above 7.0 the solution has available electrons and is termed alkaline.
Below 7.0 is has a deficiency of electrons and is called ‘acidic’. The
reason for the use of two different terms is they are chemically
dissimilar and cannot coexist.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Acidity
of a solution is often represented by the Hydrogen equivalent
[H<SUP>+</SUP>]<SUB>T</SUB> which is the total number of Hydrogen
electrons that would be needed to neutralise
it.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Alkalinity
is often expressed in terms of its equivalence to Calcium Carbonate
CACO<SUB>3</SUB> in mg/Litre.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Q.
Can CO<SUB>2</SUB> ‘acidify’ water? <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">A.
Yes, if the water is neutral to begin with, or already acidic, like rain
water. Because rain water is acidic, when it falls into the ocean it
neutralises the drops of seawater where it touches, before becoming
diluted again by the surrounding ocean. Rainwater does not impart to the
ocean any microscopic ability to withdraw electrons. It is quickly
neutralised by some seawater. When it is finished a few seconds later,
the acid has been destroyed.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Q.
If one bubbled CO<SUB>2 </SUB>through sea water, would it eventually
become acidic?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">A.
Yes. If you were to first neutralise all the available electrons by
mopping them up, after that it would start to become acidic. It would
not considered be acidic at all until the whole body of the sample had
first been neutralised. These two conditions cannot
co-exist.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Q.
What about ‘acid rain’. <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">A.
All rain is acidic. It is acidic because fresh water absorbs CO2 rapidly
from the atmosphere, converting about 1% into carbonic acid. This falls
into the oceans and reacts with the available alkaline molecules. It is
easy to acidify rain. It is very difficult to neutralise the oceans
because of the rocks upon which they sit which have a huge, massive
buffering capacity. There are numerous life cycles of creatures that
withdraw CO<SUB>2</SUB>, CO3<SUP>-2</SUP> and HCO<SUB>3</SUB>- when it
is available. Obviously CACO<SUB>3</SUB> is high on the list for uptake
by creatures that make shells.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Q.
Which has a larger impact on ocean alkalinity: atmospheric
CO<SUB>2</SUB> or rain containing
CO<SUB>2</SUB>?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">A.
Not clear. Rain has a big effect because oceans actually have difficulty
picking up enough CO<SUB>2</SUB> to drive the level much above 600 ppm
because of the limited surface area compared with the volume and the
huge buffering capacity. Rain is much higher - about 1120 ppm
CO<SUB>2</SUB>. Global rainfall totals about half a million cubic
kilometers per year and contains about 600 billion tons of
CO<SUB>2</SUB> which is about 20 times <A
href="http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/anthropogenic-climate-change.html"
target=_blank>human</A> output. <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Q.
What is the mass of the oceans?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">A.
1.332 billion billion tons.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Q.
Do reputable scientific organisations refer to ‘acidifying’ the oceans
even though that is not, chemically, what it
happening?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">A.
Yes. NASA <A
href="http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OceanCarbon/"
target=_blank>does</A>. “As we burn fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon
dioxide levels go up, the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide to stay in
balance. But this absorption has a price: these reactions lower the
water’s pH, <SPAN style="BACKGROUND: yellow">meaning it’s more
acidic</SPAN>.”<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Q.
But it is less alkaline, not more acidic. Why do they write that when it
is untrue, in fact it is unscientific?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">A.
I don’t think anyone knows. Perhaps they too missed Chemistry in
high school.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">+++++++<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Regards<BR>Crispin<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"
lang=EN-US>Sent:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt" lang=EN-US>
Friday, July 26, 2013 3:25 PM<BR><B>Subject:</B> [Stoves] more on ocean
acidification<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><U></U><U></U> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><A
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=noaa-scientists-embark-voyage-asses-ocean-acidification"
target=_blank>http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=noaa-scientists-embark-voyage-asses-ocean-acidification</A><BR
clear=all><BR>-- <BR>Paul A. Olivier PhD<BR>26/5 Phu Dong Thien
Vuong<BR>Dalat<BR>Vietnam<BR><BR><BR><U></U><U></U></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV><BR>_______________________________________________<BR>Stoves
mailing list<BR><BR>to Send a Message to the list, use the email
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or Change your List Settings use the web page<BR><A
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target=_blank>http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</A><BR><BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR><BR
clear=all><BR>-- <BR>Paul A. Olivier PhD<BR>26/5 Phu Dong Thien
Vuong<BR>Dalat<BR>Vietnam<BR><BR>Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124
(rings Vietnam)<BR>Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)<BR>Skype address:
Xpolivier<BR><A href="http://www.esrla.com/"
target=_blank>http://www.esrla.com/</A> </DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P></P>
<HR>
<DIV class=im>
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<P></P></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR>_______________________________________________<BR>Stoves
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clear=all><BR>-- <BR>Paul A. Olivier PhD<BR>26/5 Phu Dong Thien
Vuong<BR>Dalat<BR>Vietnam<BR><BR>Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124 (rings
Vietnam)<BR>Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)<BR>Skype address:
Xpolivier<BR><A href="http://www.esrla.com/"
target=_blank>http://www.esrla.com/</A> </DIV>
<P>
<HR>
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