<div dir="ltr"><i>Since the beginning of the industrial era, humans have pumped increasing
amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This has led not only to
a warmer climate but also to significant changes in the chemistry of
the oceans, which have long acted as a sink for carbon emissions but are
being asked to absorb more than they can handle. The result is ocean
acidification: increasingly corrosive seawater that has already ruined
many coral reefs and over time could threaten the entire marine food
chain.<br><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/opinion/marine-life-on-a-warming-planet.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/opinion/marine-life-on-a-warming-planet.html</a><br></i></div><div class="gmail_extra">
<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 5:08 PM, Paul Olivier <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:paul.olivier@esrla.com" target="_blank">paul.olivier@esrla.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr"><div><div><div>Crispin,<br><br></div>The term that the scientific community uses is "ocean acidification," and this is a very real environmental problem that most people in the scientific community do not deny.<br>
<br></div>Many thanks.<br></div>Paul Olivier<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div><div class="h5">On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 12:27 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com" target="_blank">crispinpigott@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
</div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div><div class="h5"><div link="blue" vlink="purple" lang="EN-CA"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Dear Friends<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">I have been catching up on less important correspondence after being in Asia for a while. There is one thing that still needs to be put down like a broken-legged horse and that of course is the idea that CO<sub>2</sub> ‘acidifies’ the ocean.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Because this is a high school chemistry level topic and I know some of us took other things – or as the drummer in my brothers class said, “I don’t remember Chemistry, I was stoned that year.”<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">So for those of you who were also stoned that year or can’t remember back that far, here is a simple review of pH with special reference to the oceans, CO<sub>2</sub> and the false, badly mis-named idea that CO<sub>2</sub> ‘increases the acidity of the oceans’.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">The term pH refers to one of three distinct chemical conditions which bear no relationship to each other. One is called acidity, another is called alkalinity and third is ‘neutral’. Acidity and alkalinity are so different that if equal in ‘strength’ they cancel each other completely leaving a neutral condition. Different pH numbers refer to different conditions.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Acid solutions (it has to be a solution with water in it) have a chemistry that has Hydrogen atoms stripped of their single electron. They are thus positively changed and seeking an electron. This they will happily strip out of anything passing by if they can find it, tearing the molecules to bits in the process which is why acids ‘eat’ things.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Alkaline solutions (again, involving water) have molecules that have an extra electron available (but not Hydrogen) and are thus negatively charged. They will give away an electron happily, often wrecking the object that receives it which is why they eat things too but by a completely different process.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Both acidic and alkaline solutions can corrode things like metals and rocks. One takes electrons and one gives them. Quote opposite. The two conditions are so incompatible they cannot be present at the same time in a mixed solution. It is one, the other or ‘neutral’ if neither condition is present.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">If you have an alkaline solution like the ocean (pH 7.8 - 8.4 depending on where you are, the time of day and a host of other things) and you want to neutralise it so that all its spare electrons are taken up by various things, you would have to add something acidic. Adding CO<sub>2</sub> by bubbling it through the seawater will convert some of the CO<sub>2</sub> (about 1%) to carbonic acid which has a deficiency of electrons and that acid will merge with whichever passing opportunity presents itself. The corresponding alkaline molecule will be neutralised as its spare electron will be passed to the carbonic acid molecule (which has an H<sup>-</sup> in it) and afterwards neither will have any charge. Both will be neutralised if the charges are balanced.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Because this happens very quickly, you cannot actually find any carbonic acid in the ocean. Nor any other acid. The oceans are not acidic at all. Any ocean has quite a store of available electrons. Anything acidic you dump into the sea is quickly neutralised and the pH drops slightly because it is closer to a neutral condition. The oceanic capacity to hand over electrons to any passing electron gap is very, very large. There are several processes that would begin to offer electrons but do not because the ocean is too alkaline to allow them to get started. The ability to do this is called the ‘buffering’ capacity. You may remember ‘Bufferin’ the pill that neutralises stomach acid. The pill is alkaline and has a large buffering capacity so it can hand a lot of electrons over to the acid in the stomach, thus neutralising it. If you took a whole bottle of Bufferin pills, your stomach would not become less and less and less acidic. It would be neutralised and then become alkaline and remains so until the spare electrons were taken up in a neutralising process. People are, in general, alkaline and should eat alkaline foods to remain healthy. Excess acid is a problem.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">By the same measure, reducing the availability of spare electrons in the ocean water does not <i>at all</i> make the water acidic because it still has many more available electrons. It is less alkaline, but it is not acidic at all – zero in the ‘acidic scale’ (there isn’t one). <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">In order to make a convenient metric for describing these two conditions (which can cancel each other out very predictably) the pH scale is used. Above 7.0 the solution has available electrons and is termed alkaline. Below 7.0 is has a deficiency of electrons and is called ‘acidic’. The reason for the use of two different terms is they are chemically dissimilar and cannot coexist.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Acidity of a solution is often represented by the Hydrogen equivalent [H<sup>+</sup>]<sub>T</sub> which is the total number of Hydrogen electrons that would be needed to neutralise it.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Alkalinity is often expressed in terms of its equivalence to Calcium Carbonate CACO<sub>3</sub> in mg/Litre.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Q. Can CO<sub>2</sub> ‘acidify’ water? <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">A. Yes, if the water is neutral to begin with, or already acidic, like rain water. Because rain water is acidic, when it falls into the ocean it neutralises the drops of seawater where it touches, before becoming diluted again by the surrounding ocean. Rainwater does not impart to the ocean any microscopic ability to withdraw electrons. It is quickly neutralised by some seawater. When it is finished a few seconds later, the acid has been destroyed.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Q. If one bubbled CO<sub>2 </sub>through sea water, would it eventually become acidic?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">A. Yes. If you were to first neutralise all the available electrons by mopping them up, after that it would start to become acidic. It would not considered be acidic at all until the whole body of the sample had first been neutralised. These two conditions cannot co-exist.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Q. What about ‘acid rain’. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">A. All rain is acidic. It is acidic because fresh water absorbs CO2 rapidly from the atmosphere, converting about 1% into carbonic acid. This falls into the oceans and reacts with the available alkaline molecules. It is easy to acidify rain. It is very difficult to neutralise the oceans because of the rocks upon which they sit which have a huge, massive buffering capacity. There are numerous life cycles of creatures that withdraw CO<sub>2</sub>, CO3<sup>-2</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub>- when it is available. Obviously CACO<sub>3</sub> is high on the list for uptake by creatures that make shells.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Q. Which has a larger impact on ocean alkalinity: atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> or rain containing CO<sub>2</sub>?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">A. Not clear. Rain has a big effect because oceans actually have difficulty picking up enough CO<sub>2</sub> to drive the level much above 600 ppm because of the limited surface area compared with the volume and the huge buffering capacity. Rain is much higher - about 1120 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. Global rainfall totals about half a million cubic kilometers per year and contains about 600 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub> which is about 20 times <a href="http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/anthropogenic-climate-change.html" target="_blank">human</a> output. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Q. What is the mass of the oceans?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">A. 1.332 billion billion tons.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Q. Do reputable scientific organisations refer to ‘acidifying’ the oceans even though that is not, chemically, what it happening?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">A. Yes. NASA <a href="http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OceanCarbon/" target="_blank">does</a>. “As we burn fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels go up, the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide to stay in balance. But this absorption has a price: these reactions lower the water’s pH, <span style="background:yellow">meaning it’s more acidic</span>.”<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Q. But it is less alkaline, not more acidic. Why do they write that when it is untrue, in fact it is unscientific?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">A. I don’t think anyone knows. Perhaps they too missed Chemistry in high school.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">+++++++<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Regards<br>Crispin<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US">Sent:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US"> Friday, July 26, 2013 3:25 PM<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Stoves] more on ocean acidification<u></u><u></u></span></p><div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=noaa-scientists-embark-voyage-asses-ocean-acidification" target="_blank">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=noaa-scientists-embark-voyage-asses-ocean-acidification</a><br clear="all">
<br>-- <br>Paul A. Olivier PhD<br>26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong<br>Dalat<br>Vietnam<br><br><br><u></u><u></u></p></div></div></div></div><br></div></div>_______________________________________________<br>
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<br></blockquote></div><div class="im"><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Paul A. Olivier PhD<br>26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong<br>Dalat<br>Vietnam<br>
<br></div><div class="im">Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124 (rings Vietnam)<br>Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)<br>Skype address: Xpolivier<br><a href="http://www.esrla.com/" target="_blank">http://www.esrla.com/</a>
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</blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Paul A. Olivier PhD<br>26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong<br>Dalat<br>Vietnam<br>
<br>Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124 (rings Vietnam)<br>Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)<br>Skype address: Xpolivier<br><a href="http://www.esrla.com/" target="_blank">http://www.esrla.com/</a>
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