<html>
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"
http-equiv="Content-Type">
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Dear Kevin,<br>
<br>
isn't a billion 10^9 ? and billion billion therefore 10^18?<br>
<br>
the factors include water's ability to chemically shunt organic and
inorganic contained and bottom materials within the pH system, which
means we'd have to be able to at least model the composition of an
average ocean bottom re. minerals, overall ocean avg. temp, surface
to bottom migration, etc.<br>
<br>
I am an ecologically sympathetic person, but see more danger
presently from legal, semi-legal and illegal fishing practice to the
overall health of the oceans.<br>
<br>
I am also sympathetic with the concerns of Cecil Cook re. poisons,
but think it somewhat confusing to put CO2 in the same class as
CCl4. Depending on the amount of time between the cleaning process
and the dipped sleeve there could well have been quite a significant
amount of Carbon Tet in the water, especially in view of the
proportions of scale-- I well remember being able to tell when I
walked through the door of our house if my mother had brought things
home from the cleaners and the odor was remarkable for some time
after removing the plastic or paper wrappers of the day. And no, we
don't know everything, which should make us more cautious not only
in our actions, but also in concretizing our fears.<br>
<br>
regards,<br>
Ron von Bayernmittelwochenwochenende<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 08.08.2013 13:41, Kevin wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
cite="mid:ED190DCE2EF24891AC010075E38B6600@usera594fda0bf"
type="cite">
<meta content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"
http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="MSHTML 8.00.6001.23507">
<style></style>
<div><font face="Arial">Dear Paul</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial">Crispin indicates that the mass of the
ocean is about 1.33 billion billion tons, i.e., 1.33 x 10^12
tons. That is a lot of water.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial">The oceans are now alkaline. Some CO2
additions will lower the pH of the ocean, but the oceans will
still be alkaline.</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial">How much CO2 would be required to actually
make the oceans acidic? </font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial">At current rates of anthropogenic CO2
production, how long would it take for the Oceans to actually
become acidic?</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial">Thanks!</font></div>
<div> </div>
<div><font face="Arial">Kevin</font></div>
<blockquote style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT:
5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<div style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </div>
<div style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color:
black"><b>From:</b> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
title="paul.olivier@esrla.com"
href="mailto:paul.olivier@esrla.com">Paul Olivier</a> </div>
<div style="FONT: 10pt arial"><b>To:</b> <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
title="stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Discussion of
biomass cooking stoves</a> </div>
<div style="FONT: 10pt arial"><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, August 08,
2013 7:08 AM</div>
<div style="FONT: 10pt arial"><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] more
on ocean acidification</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div>
<div>Crispin,<br>
<br>
</div>
The term that the scientific community uses is "ocean
acidification," and this is a very real environmental
problem that most people in the scientific community do
not deny.<br>
<br>
</div>
Many thanks.<br>
</div>
Paul Olivier<br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 12:27 PM,
Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <span dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:crispinpigott@gmail.com" target="_blank">crispinpigott@gmail.com</a>></span>
wrote:<br>
<blockquote style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px
0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex" class="gmail_quote">
<div vlink="purple" link="blue" lang="EN-CA">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Dear Friends</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">I have been catching up on less important
correspondence after being in Asia for a while.
There is one thing that still needs to be put down
like a broken-legged horse and that of course is
the idea that CO<sub>2</sub> ‘acidifies’ the
ocean.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Because this is a high school chemistry
level topic and I know some of us took other
things – or as the drummer in my brothers class
said, “I don’t remember Chemistry, I was stoned
that year.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">So for those of you who were also stoned
that year or can’t remember back that far, here is
a simple review of pH with special reference to
the oceans, CO<sub>2</sub> and the false, badly
mis-named idea that CO<sub>2</sub> ‘increases the
acidity of the oceans’.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">The term pH refers to one of three distinct
chemical conditions which bear no relationship to
each other. One is called acidity, another is
called alkalinity and third is ‘neutral’. Acidity
and alkalinity are so different that if equal in
‘strength’ they cancel each other completely
leaving a neutral condition. Different pH numbers
refer to different conditions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Acid solutions (it has to be a solution with
water in it) have a chemistry that has Hydrogen
atoms stripped of their single electron. They are
thus positively changed and seeking an electron.
This they will happily strip out of anything
passing by if they can find it, tearing the
molecules to bits in the process which is why
acids ‘eat’ things.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Alkaline solutions (again, involving water)
have molecules that have an extra electron
available (but not Hydrogen) and are thus
negatively charged. They will give away an
electron happily, often wrecking the object that
receives it which is why they eat things too but
by a completely different process.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Both acidic and alkaline solutions can
corrode things like metals and rocks. One takes
electrons and one gives them. Quote opposite. The
two conditions are so incompatible they cannot be
present at the same time in a mixed solution. It
is one, the other or ‘neutral’ if neither
condition is present.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">If you have an alkaline solution like the
ocean (pH 7.8 - 8.4 depending on where you are,
the time of day and a host of other things) and
you want to neutralise it so that all its spare
electrons are taken up by various things, you
would have to add something acidic. Adding CO<sub>2</sub>
by bubbling it through the seawater will convert
some of the CO<sub>2</sub> (about 1%) to carbonic
acid which has a deficiency of electrons and that
acid will merge with whichever passing opportunity
presents itself. The corresponding alkaline
molecule will be neutralised as its spare electron
will be passed to the carbonic acid molecule
(which has an H<sup>-</sup> in it) and afterwards
neither will have any charge. Both will be
neutralised if the charges are balanced.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Because this happens very quickly, you
cannot actually find any carbonic acid in the
ocean. Nor any other acid. The oceans are not
acidic at all. Any ocean has quite a store of
available electrons. Anything acidic you dump into
the sea is quickly neutralised and the pH drops
slightly because it is closer to a neutral
condition. The oceanic capacity to hand over
electrons to any passing electron gap is very,
very large. There are several processes that would
begin to offer electrons but do not because the
ocean is too alkaline to allow them to get
started. The ability to do this is called the
‘buffering’ capacity. You may remember ‘Bufferin’
the pill that neutralises stomach acid. The pill
is alkaline and has a large buffering capacity so
it can hand a lot of electrons over to the acid in
the stomach, thus neutralising it. If you took a
whole bottle of Bufferin pills, your stomach would
not become less and less and less acidic. It would
be neutralised and then become alkaline and
remains so until the spare electrons were taken up
in a neutralising process. People are, in general,
alkaline and should eat alkaline foods to remain
healthy. Excess acid is a problem.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">By the same measure, reducing the
availability of spare electrons in the ocean water
does not <i>at all</i> make the water acidic
because it still has many more available
electrons. It is less alkaline, but it is not
acidic at all – zero in the ‘acidic scale’ (there
isn’t one). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">In order to make a convenient metric for
describing these two conditions (which can cancel
each other out very predictably) the pH scale is
used. Above 7.0 the solution has available
electrons and is termed alkaline. Below 7.0 is has
a deficiency of electrons and is called ‘acidic’.
The reason for the use of two different terms is
they are chemically dissimilar and cannot coexist.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Acidity of a solution is often represented
by the Hydrogen equivalent [H<sup>+</sup>]<sub>T</sub>
which is the total number of Hydrogen electrons
that would be needed to neutralise it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Alkalinity is often expressed in terms of
its equivalence to Calcium Carbonate CACO<sub>3</sub>
in mg/Litre.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Q. Can CO<sub>2</sub> ‘acidify’
water? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">A. Yes, if the water is neutral
to begin with, or already acidic, like rain water.
Because rain water is acidic, when it falls into
the ocean it neutralises the drops of seawater
where it touches, before becoming diluted again by
the surrounding ocean. Rainwater does not impart
to the ocean any microscopic ability to withdraw
electrons. It is quickly neutralised by some
seawater. When it is finished a few seconds later,
the acid has been destroyed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Q. If one bubbled CO<sub>2 </sub>through
sea water, would it eventually become acidic?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">A. Yes. If you were to first
neutralise all the available electrons by mopping
them up, after that it would start to become
acidic. It would not considered be acidic at all
until the whole body of the sample had first been
neutralised. These two conditions cannot co-exist.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Q. What about ‘acid rain’. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">A. All rain is acidic. It is
acidic because fresh water absorbs CO2 rapidly
from the atmosphere, converting about 1% into
carbonic acid. This falls into the oceans and
reacts with the available alkaline molecules. It
is easy to acidify rain. It is very difficult to
neutralise the oceans because of the rocks upon
which they sit which have a huge, massive
buffering capacity. There are numerous life cycles
of creatures that withdraw CO<sub>2</sub>, CO3<sup>-2</sup>
and HCO<sub>3</sub>- when it is available.
Obviously CACO<sub>3</sub> is high on the list for
uptake by creatures that make shells.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Q. Which has a larger impact on
ocean alkalinity: atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> or
rain containing CO<sub>2</sub>?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">A. Not clear. Rain has a big
effect because oceans actually have difficulty
picking up enough CO<sub>2</sub> to drive the
level much above 600 ppm because of the limited
surface area compared with the volume and the huge
buffering capacity. Rain is much higher - about
1120 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. Global rainfall totals
about half a million cubic kilometers per year and
contains about 600 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub>
which is about 20 times <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/anthropogenic-climate-change.html"
target="_blank">human</a> output. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Q. What is the mass of the oceans?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">A. 1.332 billion billion tons.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Q. Do reputable scientific
organisations refer to ‘acidifying’ the oceans
even though that is not, chemically, what it
happening?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">A. Yes. NASA <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OceanCarbon/"
target="_blank">does</a>. “As we burn fossil
fuels and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels go up,
the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide to stay in
balance. But this absorption has a price: these
reactions lower the water’s pH, <span
style="BACKGROUND: yellow">meaning it’s more
acidic</span>.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Q. But it is less alkaline, not
more acidic. Why do they write that when it is
untrue, in fact it is unscientific?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">A. I don’t think anyone knows.
Perhaps they too missed Chemistry in high school.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">+++++++</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt">Regards<br>
Crispin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE:
11pt"></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY:
'Calibri','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt"
lang="EN-US">Sent:</span></b><span
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif';
FONT-SIZE: 11pt" lang="EN-US"> Friday, July 26,
2013 3:25 PM<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Stoves] more on ocean
acidification</span></p>
<div class="im">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=noaa-scientists-embark-voyage-asses-ocean-acidification"
target="_blank">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=noaa-scientists-embark-voyage-asses-ocean-acidification</a><br
clear="all">
<br>
-- <br>
Paul A. Olivier PhD<br>
26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong<br>
Dalat<br>
Vietnam<br>
<br>
<br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Stoves mailing list<br>
<br>
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>
<br>
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web
page<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org"
target="_blank">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>
<br>
for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see
our web site:<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/" target="_blank">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br>
<br clear="all">
<br>
-- <br>
Paul A. Olivier PhD<br>
26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong<br>
Dalat<br>
Vietnam<br>
<br>
Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124 (rings Vietnam)<br>
Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)<br>
Skype address: Xpolivier<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.esrla.com/"
target="_blank">http://www.esrla.com/</a> </div>
<p> </p>
<hr> _______________________________________________<br>
Stoves mailing list<br>
<br>
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>
<br>
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br>
<br>
for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our
web site:<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><br>
<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<br>
<pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
Stoves mailing list
to Send a Message to the list, use the email address
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a>
for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a>
</pre>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<br>
<p class="" avgcert""="" color="#000000" align="left">No virus
found in this message.<br>
Checked by AVG - <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.avg.com">www.avg.com</a><br>
Version: 2013.0.3392 / Virus Database: 3209/6558 - Release Date:
08/07/13</p>
</blockquote>
<br>
</body>
</html>