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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Greetings Stovers,<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>All this talk about the ocean water got me thinking about the Water Boiling Test.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>I would like to suggest a new way of testing and reporting results:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></b><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Procedure<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></b><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Justification<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span></b><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Calculations<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Procedure: We take some oven dried wood and place in a pipe. Add both end caps, loosen one, weigh and place in an oven at ~450c. Then cool and weigh. The loss in weight is the volatile fraction of the fuel. This is the fraction that provides the energy to boil water. We determine the energy of this fraction and that is the energy of the fuel. Keeping track of the fuel weight we use we determine the total usable volatile-energy. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>We put the pot of water on the stove, measure the temperature of the water, start the fire and monitor the water temperature. We keep the fire going until the water is at ‘simmer’ then keep steady for 30 min. Adding no more fuel we then we manipulate the fire to keep the secondary burn going as long as possible. Soon as the secondary burn goes out we pull the pot off and measure the area under the temperature plot for energy that went into the pot. Energy in the pot / volatile-energy X 100 is the efficiency(?).<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Justification: When you are boiling water it is only good as long as the secondary burn is going. When that goes out, even with a glowing stove below, the water heating process slows way down because, as I learned in Stove Camp, we need the heat forced hitting the bottom of the pot to stick to it, go through the pot and heat the water. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Biomass fuel has two types of energy; 1) the tars (C-H-O) that create the secondary burn and 2) the chars (C-C) that only heat the stove body. Important for the chars to heat the stove body but there is more than enough with a good insulated stove and all that extra heat is wasted – not used to heat the pot. When biomass is heated between 300c to 450c tars of massive C-H-O structures go to the secondary burn and ALL C > CO2, and all H > H2O releasing massive energy just at the pot bottom. The C-C bonds (chars) left need to go C (solid) – CO volatile) forms releasing energy only in the stove body. The CO (volatile) goes to the secondary burn (adding to the energy of the tars) to go CO > CO2 releasing a relatively small amount of energy. Under the best of conditions all the C goes to CO (not CO2) in the stove body but this is such a small amount of energy compared to the tars providing ALL their energy to heat the pot I suggest we can ignore (or estimate) the CO > CO2 added energy. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>This being the case if we use only the volatile fraction as the total energy then once the secondary burn stops all the rest of the material in the stove body can be ignored. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Calculations: A block of 100 g dried wood contains 44g C, 50g O and 6g H. Let’s say 22g C goes to the secondary as tars to heat the pot and 22g C left behind to heat the stove. This can be determined (if needed) in the lab measuring C and H in the biomass and C and H in the char left. The weight loss in the pipe contains 28.2 % carbon and 7.7 % hydrogen for the starting energy value figuring all H and all O are included in the tar fraction. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Now we need to use Bond Energy (I need help) to determine the energy value we give for all the tar carbon going all the way to CO2 and the hydrogen going all the way to H2O. We sum the Bond Energies in the tars as the Total Energy of the fuel. Add to it (ignore or estimate) the Bond Energy of the CO to CO2 in the chars. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Bond Energies: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>C - - O = 360 kj/mol<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>H - - O = 366 kj/mol<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>What is C>CO2 and H>H2O? <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>I realize if one has H2 and O2 that nothing happens until you provide enough energy (light a match) to break the H-H and O-O bonds to re-create H2O in an explosion. In this stove case there might be enough of the extra heat in the stove body to break apart the tars into C and H and O so we can just calculate them going completely to their end components. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'>Frank<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Brussels","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>Frank Shields<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>Control Laboratories; Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>42 Hangar Way<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>Watsonville, CA 95076<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>(831) 724-5422 tel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>(831) 724-3188 fax<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="mailto:frank@compostlab.com"><span style='color:blue'>frank@compostlab.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="http://www.compostlab.com/"><span style='color:blue'>www.compostlab.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>