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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>I am not subscribed to the Char lists but I appreciate the copy.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>I have a question:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>“</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>They point out that the mass loss with surface gasification occurs within the smaller pores leading to pore widening.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Is this the same process that is used for clearing out the carbon from ceramics in the 300-650 C range using CO? U understand the shuttling back and forth was done primarily by CO at that temperature. The importance is the time to tell people to hold the temperature steady while removing char/carbon that is trapped inside the thicker ceramic parts. You may remember some discussion about this with reference to making the POCA stoves in Maputo.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Getting the carbon out is an important step before ramping to the final temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>We were using crushed charcoal as a source of carbon for the creating of pores, while not creating quasi-pores filled with sand.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Thanks<br>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> Tom Miles [mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com] <br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 23, 2013 2:58 PM<br><b>To:</b> biochar@yahoogroups.com; 'Crispin Pemberton-Pigott'<br><b>Cc:</b> 'Gasification-Request'<br><b>Subject:</b> RE: [biochar] Pine char gasification<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Ron,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This work is very important for both the biochar and gasification lists. Biochar will be produced at the large, or even small, scale as a co-product of energy (liquid fuels and/or power). The most efficient way to generate power from the gases and vapors from slow pyrolysis (50% of the energy) is probably through charcoal gasification (e.g. run the pyrolysis gases through a charcoal gasifier). There are commercial systems under development to make char and power in this way. There are also commercial systems under development to make liquid fuels through combinations of pyrolysis and gasification. The char products from these and fast pyrolysis processes run from 0% to about 15% of fuel input. I don’t know the fuel or char yield for Cool Planet. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This particular study prepared the char with high temperature (826 C) nitrogen. Wood particles (chips, sawdust) and resultant char particles in this study are larger than for other char studies. Observations about BET surface area, particle size and the char morphology are very interesting. The char morphology looks different than the SEM images that we typically see. From gasification and pyrolysis we know that pine carbonizes differently than hardwood so it is interesting to see the shredded fibrous appearance of the pine char in this study compared to the neat geometric structures that we often see, which is probably from hardwood chars. The authors observe that the macropore volume is significantly greater than the mesopore or micropore volume of the char. They observe “numerous wide tunnel protruding into the char particles. . . [that] may provide pathways for bulk transport of CO2 into the particle.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Char conversion numbers are interesting. Only 10-12% of the char was gasified at 726 C (BET 391 m3/g) while 98-100% was converted at 896 C. Surface area increased with conversion but not much greater than the 35-47% conversion at 776 C so CO2 gasification could be used to increase surface area at the expense of half of char (660 m3/g). Meso and micro pore volume doubles at the higher rate but stays pretty constant above 776 C. Researchers conclude that a significant proportion of the pore volume is within macro pores although the majority of the internal surface area is within micro pores. They point out that the mass loss with surface gasification occurs within the smaller pores leading to pore widening. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Researchers explain that the char gasification process involves three steps: (1) adsorption of the gas-phase species to the char surface, (2) surface reactions, and (3) desorption of the gasification products from the surface. The latter is the rate limiting process. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Recycling CO2 from gasification to gasify the char is an interesting concept that may apply to modifying char properties (e.g. increase surface area) from pyrolysis or recovering energy (heat, power, syngas) in an industrial setting. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There is very little information about gasification or combustion chars. Sometimes it helps to step back from our char-philia (and gaso-phobia) to see what products combined pyrolysis and gasification can produce. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>