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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear Frank<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>This is an important point you raise:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>>></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>At the moment we are using a comparative test to pretend the result is ‘certified’, meaning ‘absolute’ but in reality, the lab and the procedure and the number of replications, even the calibration protocols and lab training would not really allow one to claim with precision that the result was ‘certified’ correct. We have to do what we can with the equipment available, in the time we have and in a spirit of fairness. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>If the results from this process go into a list of stove and then used to pick the one to be used – I think it not good enough, in fact meaningless, with all the added variables. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Well we have to be practical here: yes the number will have no meaning out of context.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Let me rephrase that as I did during a comment presented to the ISO meeting in Kenya:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>A stove test result has no meaning without context. All test results require context, there is no value in an abstract number – it is just a number. Because all programmes intend to distribute stoves in a particular context, that is the context in which the stove should be tested for the results to be useful. Useful means relevant to the policy objectives of the project. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>What has been tried (without much success it is fair to point out) is to produce a set of metrics for stoves that are ‘universal’ in the sense that if the task and fuel were constant, one could compare the performance universally. This is the stated intent of the IWA and other good and well-intentioned works by the stove community. A universal translator, so to speak, would be able to make comparisons across the board.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The problem with this is that such a comparison <i>has</i> to take place without local context and local context is required to make a meaningful comparison. In other words the universal test is a mirage. There is no such thing. As soon as you change the fuel or the pot or the burn cycle or the operator’s technique, there is a different context and the test result has lost its value. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>If you want to test a fish dryer, you should test it drying fish in a place that it is intended to be used, using the fish and fuel available in that place. How another device dries those same fish with that fuel cannot be determined by using a ‘universal fish’ and a ‘universal fuel’. Such things do not exist, and you cannot make a technology choice based on it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Supposed you wanted to buy a car to use as a taxi in Bangladesh. Which is the ‘best car’ and ‘best fuel’? First you have to see what the roads are like in Bangladesh, which side of the road they drive on, whether or not it is permitted to open the doors on the centre-lane side, and of course what the fuel is like in that place. All these provide context. The taxi will have to be maintained. Are parts available? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>While it may be possible to have some universal features of stoves judged, it has proven impossible both theoretically and practically to choose a stove on the basis of a de-contextualized assessment, and it will remain so. If people boil 20 litres of water in 25 litre pots using palm fronds, then that is the test that has to be applied when selecting technologies. How it performs a ‘5 litre WBT’ is literally irrelevant to that context.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>>…</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>We are just dealing with Fuel Consumption. Emissions and adaption is for a later discussion – but very connected. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>OK, If you wish.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>>></span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>One of the very confusing things that has permeated the stove testing community is the erroneous idea that the heat value in the fuel left over has a great deal of significance. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>></span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Only important if you go through all the work of determining it and then use it in the calculations. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Well, you have to have an overview in mind when making calculations. You don’t just measure and divide things because they are there. If the heat content of the fuel remaining is not relevant, there is no need to measure it. With an LPG stove, you just subtract the fuel remaining from the fuel you had to begin with. End of short story. If a stove needs raw fuel and produces char and ash, then you need that raw fuel next time. What is in the char and ash is not relevant to the question of how much fuel new is being consumed each time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>>…</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>So should be mentioned with each stove and nice if we can come up with best guess for the quality of the char and what it might be used for. Not for fuel consumption discussions. </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There is a lot of value in looking into the char materials and applications. I am personally excited by the possibility of using a pair of stoves to make char and burn it later. The reason is that charcoal and wood are often used for very different purposes in the kitchen. Having a dual fuel kitchen would offer many advantages. A project could evaluate the stoves and fuels as a pair of technologies – no problems. The calculations for each product on their own would still of course have to be valid.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Thanks for you work on the 450C story. I am still interested in fully understanding it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>