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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Jay Smith and Kirk Smith seem to have conducted most health impact studies. Both have emphasized the need for more study of health impacts. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Ventilation has been part of the improved stoves discussion and testing for many years. It is not clear how often it has been implemented. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves doesn’t seem to support health impact studies focused on CO or PM, or at least I find no relevant studies or reports on their website. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Jay Smith<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><a href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACN009.pdf">http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACN009.pdf</a> Peru. PM and Co reductions measured. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Kirk Smith<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><a href="http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/krsmith/">http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/krsmith/</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></a></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves – Health<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.cleancookstoves.org/our-work/the-issues/health-impacts.html"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>http://www.cleancookstoves.org/our-work/the-issues/health-impacts.html</span></a><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.cleancookstoves.org/assets/rfps-and-rfas/working-group-recommendations.pdf"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>http://www.cleancookstoves.org/assets/rfps-and-rfas/working-group-recommendations.pdf</span></a><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, April 26, 2014 3:06 AM<br><b>To:</b> stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] blood analysis as heath impact certification for "clean" stoves<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Good questions and good answers. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>My observations are that CO is vaguely/reasonably related to PM during the ignition and fuel pyrolysation stages. During the burn-out phase when char is smouldering the PM is low to zero and the CO can be very high, though not more than about 16% CO/CO2. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Left to its own devices a carbon fire runs 12-16 per cent. The highest CO seen was always during a high fire low excess air condition when it can reach 40 per cent or more. The PM2.5 can be very high in that condition. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Serum CO is a useful measure of exposure but it is not a good measure of the stove - only the stove-room ventilation as a combination or as a test of the ventilation. Dr KK Prasad (Eindhoven) did some modelling of stove emissions in standard rooms and found that the CO and smoke are not (at all) evenly distributed in a vented room. This is a further indication that a blood concentration s a poor measure of a stove. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>There is quite a mismatch between the metrics needed for human exposure and those needed for stove performance. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I recommend caution when reading material on these subjects, making sure the metrics are relevant to the claims being made. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Ambient air pollution is obviously related to the stove, but human exposure is directly related to the system, not just a major element of it. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>A study of the CO level in 'the home' found that the level 'in the kitchen' was pretty much the same as the rest of the house, but that is home-specific, and it does not mean the kitchen did not have high CO regions, or would not have. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Personal exposure is best measured with a purpose-built meter and there are lots of them available for industrial workers, both gases and PM, because the work environment is heavily regulated. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>JF did you see the article on ventilation I linked the other day? For warm countries it is a sensible option. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin heading for the Stove Expo in Langfang <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="_originalContent"><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>>Is CO content in the haemoglobin a good tracer for health impact?<br><br>Interesting question: the major health impact from unvented stoves is<br>perceived to be the long term effects of the smaller particulates, PM<br>10 and PM2.5, these tend to be products of poor secondary combustion<br>allowing carbon rings to form rather than burn out to CO2 and they<br>combine to form Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (things like benzo-a<br>pyrene one of the pernicious carcinogens associated with tobacco<br>smoking and lung cancer). <br><br>These PACs in the particulates are particularly dangerous to the young<br>and growing.<br><br>So is there a direct relationship between PACs and CO concentration.<br><br>Is there a long term effect from exposure to low levels of CO, we see<br>people that stop smoking seem to have no long terms effects from CO<br>exposure.<br><br>AJH<br><br>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></body></html>