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<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt
183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt
549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><big><span
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"Times New
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lang="EN-US">Dear Julien
and lists:<o:p></o:p></span></big></p>
<big>
</big>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt
183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt
549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><big><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier
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lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></big></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt
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style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier
New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:DE"
lang="EN-US">Additional
to your very informative comments I would like to invite to
a short calculation
about the biomass consumption. If we suppose that the
household in Bangladesh
uses a simple stove with 33% efficiency instead of a 10%
efficiency fire, than 70% of the fuel can
be saved; additionally using 1 or more fireless cookers (hay
baskets), the
consumption can be reduced to 15 to 20% and additionally
sharing a solar cooker
with the neighbor which is able to cook 40 liters of water
on a sunny day, a
further reduction to 10% or less instead of 100% can be
achieved. If the family
spends 10 to 30 USD per month for the fuel, the investment
will have a payback
time of a few months and after this time the household saves
quite the whole
sum per month. If the program is incorporated in a school
program, a
sustainable solution can be established, as the change will
need
continuous care. <o:p></o:p></span></big></p>
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</big>
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183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt
549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><big><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier
New";mso-fareast-font-family:
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lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></big></p>
<big>
</big>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt
183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt
549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><big><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier
New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:DE"
lang="EN-US">Of course,
these are rough estimates. There are also the opportunities
of biogas (not PV
for cooking) to be considered. And the reductions will be
accompanied
by several other advantages. <o:p></o:p></span></big></p>
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</big>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt
183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt
549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><big><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier
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lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></big></p>
<big>
</big>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt
183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt
549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt"><big><span
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New";mso-fareast-font-family:
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Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:DE"
lang="EN-US">With kind
regards,<o:p></o:p></span></big></p>
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</big>
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lang="EN-US">Dieter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<br>
Am 09.05.2014 06:45, schrieb Julien Winter:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
cite="mid:CALv4xTw4CcJuqEZ2Sm3FoiqyEQ42BoDG7WtO3sz81qdgbrSLqA@mail.gmail.com"
type="cite">
<pre wrap="">Dear Ron, Paul, and stovers;
Upon finding out that I was involved with the Bangladesh Biochar
Initiative, and that Bangladesh was a tad short of biomass, Ron wrote the
following:
------- [START of RON] ---------
Julien, Paul, and lists:
Tough problem.
At first I was discouraged at the lack of sufficient Bangladesh input
biomass. But this could be a perfect opportunity, if we can show through a
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), that biochar can solve, not exacerbate, the
local biomass supply problem.
Suppose that some donated biochar can be placed on some very degraded land,
and is “guaranteed” to produce a first biomass supply dedicated only to
char-making apparatus - perhaps mostly stoves. The char from those first
pyrolysis operations (with a valuable energy output for cooking or
whatever) can in turn be guaranteed to go to similar land. Soon there
should be no doubt that biochar is solving the biomass insufficiency
problem - through exponential, not linear, growth.
My guess is that such an investment will work, and that donors can be found.
One other thought is that there could well be some fast-growing species
especially suited to Bangladesh conditions and biochar production, that
would swing the balance in favor of biochar. Bamboo? Miscanthus? Sugar
cane probably already there.
Last is that mangrove (re?-)introduction might be well received, as rising
oceans make problems worse. Mangrove plantings might even create some
land. Makes good char, and presumably smart management can give both
annual yield and increasing carbon stocks. This to be done using
geoengineering (CDR) funds.
There could be some valuable resource improvement data out of Haiti, which
has a similar supply problem.
Ron
---------- [END RON] ------------
Ron, you have largely assessed the situation as it is seen by the
Bangladesh Biochar Initiative team (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.biochar-bangladesh.org">www.biochar-bangladesh.org</a> [under
construction]).
The argument for cookstove biochar looks something like this:
1) Bangladesh's ca. 155,000,000 people have one of the highest population
densities on the planet at just over 1000 people per square kilometer.
2) Bangladesh is also one of the countries most likely to feel the brunt of
climate change, because of increased extremes of weather (cyclones and
droughts), and the potential loss of one third of its land to rising sea
level rise (salinization and inundation).
3) Therefore it is critically important to improve food security.
4) Biochar can help to improve food production in a number or ways,
especially though organic waste management, plant nutrient management, and
building soil organic matter.
5) However, applying biochar to agricultural fields would take
extraordinary quantities of biochar, therefore it is best to start using
the biochar where it has most impact.
6) Homestead gardens play an extremely important role in providing food,
spices, medicines, fibre, building materials, and fuel. They
are a centuries old component of local culture; 'permaculture' is the
default option.
7) Therefore the most efficient way of using biochar is to improve food
security is by improving the productivity of homestead gardens.
8) Unfortunately, owing to its high population density, Banglasesh has no
spare biomass with which to make biochar. Forest cover is roughly 17% of
the land area, and most of it is concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tracts
and Sundarbans. That is not where most of the people live. Also, the
Sundarbans are a Biosphere Reserve, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts are over
exploited. As it turns out, most forestry GDP comes from homestead trees.
9) Despite the scarcity of forest, ca. 90% (I am estimating without
checking my references) of the rural population cooks with biomass, and
across Bangladesh, about 25,000,000 households cook with biomass. Part of
the reason for this that inexpensive alternative fuels are not readily
available. The country doesn't have much fossil fuel (some natural gas and
a little coal), and almost no capacity for hydro-electric energy, because
of flat topography. (It is likely that inexpensive solar photovoltaic
energy will be a game changer, but that is expected to be used for
lighting, fans, radios, TV, computers; not for cooking.)
10) Most (I don't know the exact proportion) of the cooking is done on
traditional clay stoves (chulas) with an typical energy efficiency of 10%.
There is plenty of room for improvement.
11) It is however, a measure of the scarcity of biomass that wood accounts
for only ca. 45% (without checking my references) of biomass fuel, with the
rest coming from lower quality fuel comprising cow dung, leaves, and crop
residues (mostly rice straw). In some regions, harvesting of crop residues
for fuel, and the lack of cow dung returning to the land has resulted in
decreasing soil organic matter levels to a low as 1% (w/w).
12) Since there is no spare biomass in the landscape which could be used to
make biochar for its own sake, biochar has to be a byproduct of current
usage, or from biomass that is waste.
13) There is little waste biomass in the countryside. The sugar cane
industry produces bagasse, but most of that is used to fuel the sugar
mills. The sugar industry is in decline. (There is the sewage from towns
and cities like Dhaka, but IF that can be used, it would need a huge
investment in industrial technology, such as pyrolysis or hydrothermal
carbonization.)
14) AH HA!! FINALLY, WE'RE GETTING TO THE POINT!! Since biomass energy
plays such a vital role in cooking, and since the traditional cookstoves
are inefficient, if we can improve the efficiency of cooking and make
biochar-quality charcoal at the same time, we could have a sustainable way
of making biochar in a energy-stressed landscape.
15) Furthermore, if biochar was made in the home, it could be used in the
homestead. Biochar would not need to be transported. It would used where
is made and have the fastest impact on food security.
TLUD mongers rejoice!!! --- well, maybe, but not so fast.
There are some challenges (not unique to Bangladesh, as many readers know):
1) In Bangladesh, as the over the rest of the World, it is well documented
that it not that easy to get people to change their methods of cooking.
Some dedicated scientists and rural extension workers in Bangladesh have
been working on that for several decades.
2) The rural people don't have a lot of money, so there is a lot of
competition for their cash, and a traditional stove is free. They can't
afford to pay much over $10 for a stove. They would also like to get fuel
for free.
3) There is not much metal available to make stoves, so it would have to be
imported. The current improved stoves are made out of cement by small
businesses.
4) A large proportion of the biomass currently used for fuel is low density
and unsuitable for TLUDs, so a TLUD can only be expected to be used part of
the time.
5) Pellet fuel may be too expensive to buy. The common rice residues may
be too high is silica and abrasive for pelleting machinery.
6) Given the high population density and intensity of land use, there is
limited opportunity to grow biomass crops. Vetiver grass may be an option.
7) Reforestation has been a priority since the 1994 Forestry Policy, but it
has made slow progress against illegal logging and other issues.
All those are not challenges to chase us off, but challenges to be overcome.
As you have pointed out, Ron, there does seem to be a good case for
demonstrating the synergy between increasing home food production,
and introducing a special type of improved cookstove. The "Cookstove /
Homegarden Ecosystem". The TLUD produces a valuable good, as well as
cooks. That good can be used at home, or sold to get disposable income.
Whether the biochar is used for as biochar, or as fuel charcoal, matters
not so much: it is all beneficial. There could be a potential, here, to
overcome the long-standing resistance to the adoption of an improved
cookstove.
This narrative is not unique to Bangladesh. It is close to the "Garden
Cities of the Amazon" paradigm, and.I have seen it appear on the "Stoves"
listserv before, especially from SE Asia. However, a successful
demonstration in Bangladesh could have a Global influence.
Enthusiasm for TLUDs and biochar is growing amongst those who are joining
on to the Bangladesh Biochar Initiative (BBI). The BBI is sponsored by a
long-standing (since 1973) Bangladeshi NGO, The Christian Commission for
Development in Bangladesh (<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.ccdb-bd.org/index.php">http://www.ccdb-bd.org/index.php</a>). (Despite the
name, many of the staff are Muslim.) It specializes in rural development
and poverty reduction, and has offices across the country. It is also has
good connections with various government and academic institutions. A
couple of applied physicists working for the Bangladesh Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research are presently trying to get permission
to focus their research on developing micro gasifies for local conditions.
One or two chemists and a sociologist are interested. There will be more
to come. What I am doing, it trying to expand the above argument into a
literature review to improve the project's credentials. As I have said
before, it is a lot of fun, and a fair modicum of worthwhile.
All the best,
Julien.
</pre>
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