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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Dear Stovers<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The success of the stove programme in Mongolia over the past 4 years has been on two fronts: the development of lab testing methods that predict performance in use, and the development or products (including operating techniques) that will meet the rigorous emissions and performance standards of the Ulaanbaatar City Clean Air Project (UB-CAP) which is funded by the WB.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Starting today we are hosting a tour by major manufacturers from China with a view to asking them to produce stoves ‘at scale’ which will meet the performance requirements of the city.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>At the moment there are three approved stoves which reduce PM<sub>2.5</sub> by >95% which are being subsidised to the low income communities. It is possible the 90% minimum reduction (80% two years ago) can again be tightened.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The poor air quality in the city in winter is caused in part by weather conditions (inversions and low wind speeds) and is strongly affected by the temperature. When the temperature drops below a certain threshold, people start lighting their stoves for heating. They let the fires go out several times a day. When it gets really cold, the number of ignitions drops significantly and the air quality is much better – for example late January and February when it is bitterly cold. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>It is quite obvious from the data collected around the city that the number of ignitions is the predictor of air quality, not the tonnage of fuel burned, or even its type. These are important observations for northern China and other cold countries in the region to consider.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>It may be technically possible (always holding out hope) that it will be possible to build PM-negative stoves which clean the air while continuing to burn local coals. That is the new ‘aspirational’ target. Some stoves are PM negative for more than 50% of the burn cycle already. The approved stoves are deep into ‘Tier 4’ territory though are not plotted on the Stove Inventory yet (because they burn coal, according to the into).<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The metrics used are mass of emissions per MJ of heat delivered to the home. The cooking efficiency is typically 20-25% but varies with power – it is not an issue as the stoves are powerful. It is possible to build stoves to meet an 80% target thermal efficiency but that has not been a major consideration yet. It is still 70% which is the same as China’s national standard.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>More news and analysis will be contained in forthcoming papers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Regards<br>Crispin in Nomad-land<o:p></o:p></p></div></body></html>