<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 12 (filtered medium)"><!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
pre
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:Consolas;}
span.EmailStyle20
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
span.BalloonTextChar
{mso-style-name:"Balloon Text Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text";
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-GB link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Richard and All,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>In Kenya we have developed a number of plastic biogas plants. The first one was developed by me working closely with an organisation called Kentainers that produces rotor moulded water tanks. I did some work to identify the alternative feed stock to cow dung. This was to try and bring the size of the biogas plant down to the 1m3 size that Dr. Karve had discussed. I indentified oil cake and even molasses as alternative feeds. I later reported the same to Kentainers. Using food waste and any starch source is properbly the best option. But in Kenya that runs directly into competition with food for the people.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>We, me and Kentainers, decided to focus on cow dung. We have produced a number of Biogas plants that generate very little gas from the size that we have now. I even developed a fixed dome Biogas plant for Kentainers, but they preferred to develop the floating drum type.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>They are presently marketing the plant, but it is still not performing very well. Some other fellows started working with the other plastic companies like Rotor and produced some biogas plants but all of them are still working but very poorly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I am still working on that component. At Kentainers we even had a 10,000 Ltr and 23,000 Ltr. Biogas plants. They are running on cow dung only.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Thank you,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Musungu Wycliffe.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Reecon. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Richard Stanley<br><b>Sent:</b> 25 November 2014 06:22<br><b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] The future of biomass stoves. was...Fwd: [stove and LF Annals] Historical watershed<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Ndugu Msungu, <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Tafadali, take a look at the advanced work done by fello stover Dr AD KArve with reseoct to biogas source material. He is proposing and demosntratign aily over a wide area , theutitlity of utilising food and plant wastes iwhic in your case for masaainni, greatly agumeting cow dung.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>His site is ARTI pune India google such and enjoy a great increase in efficiency and the lowering of the capital cost of your efforts.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Richard Stanley<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.legacyfound.org">www.legacyfound.org</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Nov 21, 2014, at 4:45 AM, <a href="mailto:reecon@mitsuminet.com">reecon@mitsuminet.com</a> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I have been working on an alternative line of cooking and also wealth creation. My approach has been to encourage construction of large communal Biogas plants that can produce Biogas for use in a number of houses and also to run generators for power supply. The electricity should be used for running chillers (This ones can be installed by the milk processing company) to enable the pastoralists to preserve and get income from their milk that is presently going bad.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>A borehole can also be drilled in the area to allow for water to be made available by use of the same electricity. A hospital, shops and even other small businesses can be started because of the electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Such projects can be funded by the local people if they see a sample site. The use of Biogas has a number of advantages; clean fuel (but left on its own very destructive, about 25 times the effect of CO2), very low emissions. avoidance of GHGs and also reduced IAP. In specific areas that i am looking at especially among the Masai and the other pastoralists (Cow dung is very much available), it will also contribute to health through removal of cow dung that is a breeding ground for flies that carry diseases. The future of empowering the households is acceptably alternative fuels, i.e Biogas, Ethanol and also TLUD.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I think the parameters and combinations of primary air and secondary air and heat value make the solid biomass fuels rather cumbersome and as someone has mentioned demanding a very specific know how. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Musungu Wycliffe<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Kajiado, Kenya.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='color:black'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center id=zwchr></span></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"Raman P" <<a href="mailto:raman03@gmail.com">raman03@gmail.com</a>><br><b>To: </b>"Discussion of biomass cooking stoves" <<a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><br><b>Cc: </b>"Crispin Pemberton-Pigott" <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>><br><b>Sent: </b>Thursday, November 20, 2014 7:08:03 PM<br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Stoves] The future of biomass stoves. was...Fwd: [stove and LF Annals] Historical watershed<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>This is in continuation to the mails on the subject of " future of biomass stoves.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'>Larger population adopts biomass as fuel for cooking is not only because they are locally available but also they are the cheaper option. Clean combustion cooking solution is important without a major change on fuel source and cost. Biomass driven fuels like producer gas or pyrolysis oil can be considered to have clean combustion cookstoves, which can meet the standards of lowered limit.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'>To use the producer gas, there is a need for technology development, which includes hydrogen enrichment (through steam gasification) and removal of CO (through PSA).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'>To use the pyrolysis oil, there is a needed on development of small scale pyrolyser and suitable cookstoves for clean burning of the pyrolysis oil.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'>In addition to the process of lowering the limits, it is equally important to make sure that alternative solutions are in place. Issues related to the affordability and supply chain management also need to be taken in account when there is a major shift in choice of cookstoves.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'>It may not be appropriate to drop the option of developing clean combustion cookstove (which burns solid fuel), just because it was not developed so far, to meet the standards. Research and development of clean combustion cookstove designs, to meet the desired performance level, should be prioritized.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'>With best regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'>P Raman, Ph.D<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>With Best Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>P Raman<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>On Mon, Nov 17, 2014 at 11:34 PM, Paul Anderson <<a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>> wrote:<br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Stovers,<br><br>The message below from Dr. Kirk Smith's mailing list has not been distributed to the Stoves Listserv. It is too important to overlook, and merits our discussions.<br><br>He wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>newer evidence since 2005 on the health effects of combustion air pollution, as for example found in the latest Global Burden of Disease estimates, would indicate that when the next revision of the AQGs is done (as now planned), the limits will become even lower. The stove community thus should probably therefore consider <b><u>what this document recommends as likely to tighten further [emissons standards] over time.</u></b> (emphasis added)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br>In an earlier (Nov 6) message to the Stoves Listserv, this <u>comment by a reviewer</u>stated about Dr. Smith's work:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>IT MARKS A MAJOR SHIFT IN THINKING FROM IMPROVING COOK STOVES TO RECOGNIZING THAT TO GAIN THE POSITIVE HEALTH IMPACT STOVES HAVE TO BE CLEAN (GAS-LIKE), AND THAT PROBABLY THE ONLY WAY TO ACHIEVE THIS ON A MASS SCALE IS THROUGH LP GAS AND ELECTRICITY.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br>Holy Smokes!! Nobody even made a comment about this!! (I was on a trip and am only replying now.) That is an endorsement of LP Gas and electricity as "probably the only way" to get the emissions down low enough. And nobody said anything??<br><br>If we do not discuss this, does that mean that we accept it? What about these issues:<br><br>1. Probably biogas (from wet biomass) is sufficiently clean?<br><br>2. Can the TLUD and other gasifiers stoves make the cut-off because they are gas-burning stoves that make their own gases, that is, they are "gas-like" in operations? And funding to determine if this can happen?<br><br>3. Other technologies related to solid fuels for cooking, (including coal as mentioned by Crispin in other messages)?<br><br>4. AND what about the socio-economic impracticality to expect that impoverished people who depend on wood and other solid fuels will be able to sustainably obtain LPG and electricity within multiple generations? Move them up to the top of the energy ladder right away, or simply neglect them for additional decades while the affluent world decides what assistance is given to whom? <br><br>5. And a big issue: Are we making the many efforts for better cookstoves ONLY because of health? What about deforestation and fuel efficiency? and CO2 increases? and safety from burns? and development of other biomass fuels / semi-processed biomass from "refuse" and low-value stems, etc.?<br><br>6. Should the GACC and other organizations pull out of their support for solid-fuel-stoves? <br><br>I am certain that Kirk Smith and the GACC and others have the best interests of all in mind. But in light of the recent scientific and health findings, what should be the future of biomass stoves?<br><br>I will contribute to this discussion as appropriate, but I am not going to get into any individualized debates. So please direct your comments to EVERYONE. Feel free to adjust the Subject line to reflect your "flavor" of reply, because there are SOOOOO many different aspects to the topics at hand, and we should soon have a few different threads of messages.<br><br>And remember that this week, Thurs 20 Nov, is the big GACC meeting in New York City. I have been assured by the organizers that it will have live broadcast via Internet, so we can all listen to the high powered presentations that day. Will any speaker comment on this latest interpretation of what constitutes "sufficiently clean" regarding cookstoves? And at the Friday private meeting for the pledging of funding for further clean-cookstove efforts, will the funds flow for LPG and electricity?<br><br>What is the future of biomass stoves?<br><br>Paul<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><pre><span style='color:black'>Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span style='color:black'>Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span style='color:black'>Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span style='color:black'>Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com/" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br><br>-------- Original Message --------<o:p></o:p></span></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><b>Subject:<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal>[stove and LF Annals] Historical watershed<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><b>Date:<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal>Thu, 13 Nov 2014 23:59:05 -0800<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><b>From:<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal>Kirk R. Smith <a href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu" target="_blank"><krksmith@berkeley.edu></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><b>Reply-To:<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">krksmith@berkeley.edu</a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><b>To:<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal>Kirk R. Smith <a href="mailto:Krksmith@berkeley.edu" target="_blank"><Krksmith@berkeley.edu></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br><br>Beginning this week, for the first time in human history, it will no longer be possible to claim a stove is truly "improved" or "clean" without reference to authoritative global set of health-based guidelines..<br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: HOUSEHOLD FUEL COMBUSTION, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2014<br><br></span></b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>This is the third, and last currently planned, volume from WHO on IAQ, the first two being on selected individual pollutants <a href="http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/9789289002134/en/" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/9789289002134/en/</a> and dampness and mold <a href="http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/7989289041683/en/" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/7989289041683/en/</a>. This last one is at <a href="http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc/en/" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc/en/</a> and also on my website below. It is the result of 3+ years of work by an international expert committee and many peer reviewers including a year-long internal WHO process of quality checking and reframing to be consistent with other WHO guideline documents,<br><br>This third volume is a bit different in its recommendations than most other WHO guidelines in that it does not develop new exposure/concentration guidelines for the critical pollutants themselves, but takes these for CO from the previous IAQ document on Selected Pollutants and for PM2.5 from the 2005 WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) --- <a href="http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/</a> In addition to extensive reviews of the literature, this new document presents recommended guidelines for indoor<b> emissions </b>limits that will keep a large fraction of households below the AQGs themselves for CO and PM2.5. As there are wide ranges of household sizes, ventilation rates, and cooking patterns, it specifies limits in a probabilistic manner using a Monte Carlo model, e.g., to keep 90% of household below the AQG, the emissions needs to be below X, for 50% they need to be below y. <br><br>Notably, this document formalizes what was only stated conceptually in the 2005 AQGs, which is that the guidelines should apply in every non-occupational micro-environment where people spend significant time -- indoor or outdoor.<br><br>The document also addresses chimney stoves as well as having sections on coal and kerosene as household fuels -- discouraging both because of apparent extra toxicities.<br><br>The quantitative recommendations will be a challenge to the biomass stove community in that, in keeping with the health evidence, truly low emission rates of unvented stoves will be needed to protect health adequately. We firmly hope that the ongoing process of creating stove standards under the ISO process will adopt these recommendations, as was agreed previously.. I might add in this context, that newer evidence since 2005 on the health effects of combustion air pollution, as for example found in the latest Global Burden of Disease estimates, would indicate that when the next revision of the AQGs is done (as now planned), the limits will become even lower. The stove community thus should probably therefore consider what this document recommends as likely to tighten further over time.<br><br>Congratulations to the whole expert group and particularly Nigel Bruce, Heather Adair-Rohani, and Carlos Dora at WHO-Geneva for moving it through from start to finish.. Best/k <br><br>Below is from the Executive Summary, the full version being in the report and available separately on the WHO website <a href="http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc" target="_blank">www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc</a><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Overview<br><br></span></b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Almost 3 billion of the world’s poorest people still rely on solid fuels (wood,<br>animal dung, charcoal, crop wastes and coal) burned in inefficient and highly<br>polluting stoves for cooking and heating, currently resulting in some 4 million<br>premature deaths annually among children and adults from respiratory and cardiovascular<br>diseases, and cancer. Together with widespread use of kerosene stoves<br>and lamps, these household energy practices also cause many deaths and serious<br>injuries from scalds, burns and poisoning. The use of solid fuel for heating<br>in more developed countries is also common and contributes significantly to air<br>pollution exposure. Air pollution from household fuel combustion is the most<br>important global environmental health risk today.<br><br>These new guidelines bring together the most recent evidence on fuel use,<br>emission and human exposure levels, health risks, intervention impacts and policy<br>considerations, to provide practical recommendations to reduce this health<br>burden, which build on existing WHO air quality guidelines for specific pollutants<br>(AQG). Implementation of these recommendations will also help secure<br>the additional benefits to society, development and the environment including<br>climate that will result from wider access to clean, safe and efficient household<br>energy.<br><br>Drawing on a broad range of newly commissioned, or recently published,<br>systematic reviews of the scientific literature, the guidelines apply strict criteria<br>for assessing the quality of available evidence and the suitability for developing<br>recommendations. Among the key findings is that for several important health<br>outcomes, including child acute respiratory infections, exposure to the key<br>pollutant fine particulate matter, or PM</span><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>2.5 </span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>needs to be brought down to low<br>levels in order to gain most of the health benefit. The other main finding is that<br>most of the solid fuel interventions promoted in recent years have not even come<br>close to these levels when in everyday use, and there is a need for much more<br>emphasis on accelerating access to clean household fuels.<br><br>The recommendations focus particular attention on reducing emissions of<br>pollutants as much as possible, while also recognizing the importance of adequate<br>ventilation and information and support for households to ensure best use of<br>technologies and fuels. They encompass general considerations for policy, a set<br>of four specific recommendations, and a good practice recommendation for<br>addressing both health and climate impacts. The general considerations address<br>issues such as the need for community-wide action, as pollution from one house<br>or other source affects neighbours, and vice-versa, and the fact that safety of new<br>fuels and technologies cannot be assumed and must be assessed. <br><br>The specific recommendations address the following:<br><br>• Emission rate targets which specify the levels of emissions from household<br>energy fuels and technologies that pose minimal health risks, and which are<br>designed to guide assessment of how well various interventions can meet the<br>air quality concentrations specified in WHO guidelines;<br>• Policies for the period of transition from current practices to community-wide<br>use of clean fuels and household energy technologies, recognizing that intermediate<br>steps will be needed for some time to come among lower income and<br>more rural homes reliant on solid fuels;<br>• The need to avoid the use of unprocessed coal as a household fuel, in light of<br>the specific health risks;<br>• The need to avoid the use of kerosene as a household fuel, in light of concerns<br>about emissions and safety.<br><br>The good practice recommendation encourages policy makers to recognize<br>that many of the pollutants from household fuel combustion lead to both health<br>risks and climate change.<br><br>The guidelines are targeted at public health policy-makers and specialists<br>working with the energy, environment and other sectors to develop and implement<br>policy to reduce the adverse health impacts of household fuel combustion.<br>This publication is linked to ongoing work by WHO and its partners to provide<br>technical support for implementation of the recommendations, as well as<br>monitoring progress and evaluating programme impacts, for example, through<br>the WHO database on household fuel combustion. Further details of the guidance,<br>tools and other resources are available on the guidelines web pages: <a href="http://" target="_blank"><b>http://<br></b></a><b><a href="http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc" target="_blank">www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc</a></b>.<br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Rationale for these guidelines<br></span></b><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Household air pollution (HAP) released by inefficient combustion of solid fuels<br>for cooking and heating is currently responsible for the world’s largest single<br>environmentally-related disease burden. It has been calculated that household<br>air pollution released during cooking causes around 4 million premature deaths<br><i>(1, 2)</i>. WHO estimates that household air pollution caused 4.3 million deaths in<br>2012 <i>(3). </i>A further 0.4 million deaths are linked to the contribution HAP makes<br>to ambient (outdoor) air pollution <i>(2). </i>Added to this, but as yet not quantified due<br>to lack of sufficient research and weaker evidence, are deaths and disease from<br>HAP derived from heating and lighting.<br><br>Use of inefficient fuels for household heating, cooking and lighting also puts<br>household members, particularly children, at high risk of being burned (e.g. as<br>a result of falling into fires, spilled fuel, etc.) and poisoning (caused by ingesting<br>kerosene). While HAP from household fuel combustion is less serious in more<br>developed countries, it remains an issue in settings where solid fuel (mainly wood<br>and other biomass) and kerosene are used for heating.<br>T<br>o date, there have been no health-based guidelines with recommendations<br>for policy to address this issue. Growing recognition that access to modern<br>household energy is critical for the achievement of health, development and environmental<br>(including climate) goals, has led to several ambitious United Nations<br>(UN) and government-led initiatives to secure universal access to modern household<br>energy over the next 15–20 years.<br><br>Against this background, it is important to have guidelines available to ensure<br>that the potentially large health benefits of investment in, and policy for, household<br>energy are realized.<br><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black'>Kirk R. Smith, MPH, PhD<br>Professor of Global Environmental Health, University of California, Berkeley<br>(Fulbright-Nehru Distinguished Chair (2013/14), Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi)<br>Delhi cell: (91) 97-1641-6091 [note new number]<br><a href="http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/krsmith/" target="_blank">http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/krsmith/<br><br><br></a></span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/" target="_blank">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>