<html><head><base href="x-msg://27/"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">Crispin <div><br></div><div>Quite apart from the substance of your well presented data and rationale, I have to repeat Andrew Heggie's (somewhat) admonsihment "TUT TUT", telling me to not dive into this subject (after he offers a denier claim in same sentence) because it is off topic…How about ti Andrew : Do you have a condecending "tut tut" message about global climare change being ff topic for Crispin as well, or is your admonishment reserved for those of us who propose and accept climate change as anthropogenic in nature and in need of direct and intensive action ?</div><div><br></div><div>Richard</div><div>===========<br><div><br><div><div>On Nov 26, 2014, at 9:58 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Stone Sans Sem ITC TT'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-size: medium; "><div lang="EN-CA" link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; "><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; ">Dear Richard and AD and Jock and Yuri and Greg</div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Richard, please note that WB did not write that report, they reported what the Potsdam Institute told them. The Potsdam Institute is a well-known alarming organisation that believes a lot in wealth<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/09/07/german-climate-adviser-who-says-the-wests-carbon-quotas-are-used-up-once-co-authored-a-paper-saying-climate-models-are-flawed/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">distribution</a>. Have a look at any<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/12/12/glacially-modeled-snow-job/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">1</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/11/22/stefan-rahmstorf-on-sea-level-vs-reality-reality-wins/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">2</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/06/24/another-stephan-rahmstorf-sea-level-scare/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">3</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of their publications. One of their most senior<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/02/13/german-skeptics-luning-and-vahrenholt-respond-to-criticism/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">scientists</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>recently departed them saying what they were promoting was load of hogwash. Who knew? He wrote a book about it and has been vilified by the faithful for climate apostasy.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">If you asked certain other groups you would get the same answer. If you asked still other groups, you would get a very different answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; ">>It's the continuing barrage of obviously unresearched, un-vetted, backyard analyses like that below, which keep plaguing me about your contention that we are in fact cooling off, not warming up..<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">I am not convinced the Earth is cooling. I am quite convinced we are not warming at any rate that was predicted by general circulation models of which there are more than 70. At the moment it is generally agreed that the temperature is the same now (globally) as it was 18 years and 1 month ago. That is not ‘cooling’. Well, I don’t think it is. I am sure you are aware that 1/3 of all the CO2 mankind has ever emitted was put into the air during that time. Where’s the warming James Hansen promised us?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span lang="EN">GISTEMP: 0.012 ±0.271 °C/decade (2σ)<br>NOAA: -0.019 ±0.250 °C/decade (2σ)<br>HADCRUT4: -0.027 ±0.222 °C/decade (2σ)<br>RSS: -0.060 ±0.325 °C/decade (2σ)<br>UAH: 0.056 ±0.327 °C/decade (2σ)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span lang="EN"> None of these are statistically different from zero.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">AD></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: black; ">global warming and cooling have occurred many times in the past. One cannot just extrapolate the present warming trend into the future.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">That's for sure. First you can ask, ‘what warming trend?’<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Go to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://moyhu.blogspot.com.au/p/temperature-trend-viewer.html" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">http://moyhu.blogspot.com.au/p/temperature-trend-viewer.html</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and click on the following settings:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Trend<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">1989-now<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">RSS.MSU (satellite read temperatures read at 1000m altitude so as to avoid ground-based issues like black roads and concrete)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Have a look at the temperature plot. It is the anomaly (meaning deviation from a baseline). As you can see the temperature wiggles up and down but is the same as it was in 1996.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">AD>The polar ice cap has already melted to the extent of 50% and it will disappear by 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Actually it is growing again. It has not yet melted as much as it did in the early 1880’s nor even close to what it was 1000 years ago when the Vikings sailed around Greenland. That is not possible today.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">AD>Evaporation of water from the open sea has already started to cause heavier snowfall in the circum-arctic region and it would increase in the near future.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">The water content of the atmosphere has been dropping at all the upper levels (the opposite of the modeled result).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span><img border="0" width="227" height="170" id="Picture_x0020_2" apple-width="yes" apple-height="yes" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D009CC.8F899040"></span><span style="color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">The water vapour load at the lower level is unchanged. When evaporation increases in the tropics is creates more clouds which cool the earth at a rate of several hundred watts per sq m. The temperature in the Arctic has not risen in summer for a long time. The winter temperatures have gone up several degrees since 1850. There is a plot of the typical and current temperatures at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/reference-pages/sea-ice-page/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">http://wattsupwiththat.com/reference-pages/sea-ice-page/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Look about 1/3 of the way down the page for Arctic Temperature. Each year it just rises above the melting point for a few weeks.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Here is the Arctic temperature chart for the past 30 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span><img border="0" width="378" height="213" id="Picture_x0020_1" apple-width="yes" apple-height="yes" src="cid:image006.jpg@01D009CC.8F899040"></span><span style="color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">The 30 year trend us up, the last decade or so, it is flat. In fact it is the same now as it was in 1981 but why quibble.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">AD>The excess snow would take longer to melt, resulting into cooling. I saw a presentation by BBC in which the author claimed that by the year 2050, the cities of Moscow, London and New York would be buried uder snow, because the snow would not melt and would go on accumulating.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">This is the typical claim of someone who is talking through their hat (not AD, the person cited). The claim is global warming will cause more<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/11/16/in-climate-world-up-is-down/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">snow and cold</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>leading to cold. Good grief.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">JG><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>I'd be looking at the Forbes article that advised<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; ">I advise that Forbes is not a good place to find useful information about the earth climate system. Neither is the New York Times, nor, sadly, Scientific American.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; ">RS>Please tell us where these crackpots are wrong.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">That is surprisingly easy. But remember they just asked for a report from a known hotbed of climate alarm. They lead the charge in Europe, if you didn’t know. The WB doesn’t have weather and climate experts. They finance governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Climate alarmism (baked in heat, rapid rise of sea levels, exponentially increasing temperature of the earth as the CO2 goes up – all that and so much more) is based on two fundamental assumptions:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; ">That CO2 increases the temperature of the earth and drives additional warming by increasing the water vapour content of the atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; ">That the rise in temperature from 1976 to 1996 was cause by Industrial Output of CO<sub>2</sub><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>driving just such a mechanism.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 36pt; "><span style="color: black; ">Dealing with them in that order:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; ">CO2 is a greenhouse gas in the regular sense of the meaning. No one (not scientific people anyway) believes that CO2 by itself will increase the temperature more than about 1 degree per doubling from 400 to 800 ppm. The fact that there is not enough carbonaceous fuels in the world to bring it up to 800 ppm is a topic better avoided because we don’t want to spoil the party, but there you are: CO2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>could</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>increase the temperature, by itself, by perhaps 1 degree C overall if you could find<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/3094" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">enough to burn</a>. That is the theory and it is based on physics that deal with IR radiative gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">The ‘increase’ above that 1 degree is supposed to come from additional water vapour. Water vapour is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than CO2 and covers the same absorption range (larger, actually). That is also a physical fact. The problem is, the water vapour content has not been rising with the CO2 content, undermining the central claim that it will. The models are programmed as if the water vapour will rise, but it doesn’t .The reason is obvious: if the water vapour content goes up, it starts to rain. Before that, it creates clouds which have a strong cooling effect. The models are contradicted by reality. When there is a conflict between models and reality, it is not reality that is wrong. This has not stopped people from claiming that the models are right and the measurements are defective. Even millions of contradicting measurements are not enough to convince them otherwise. Climate models are the WBT’s of weather.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; ">The temperature rise from 1976 to 1996 was notable. It was not as notable as the steeper and faster rise in temperature from 1920 to 1940. Nor was it as rapid as the rise in the 1880’s. Nor was it as rapid as the rise in the 1700’s which was the fastest ever recorded. None of these rises seem to have had anything to do with CO2, industrial or otherwise. On a long timescale, CO2 rise follows temperature rise by<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/23/new-research-in-antarctica-shows-co2-follows-temperature-by-a-few-hundred-years-at-most/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">hundreds</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of years. As the CO2 concentration has gone up some, there should be at least a bit if warming due to it, but so far it is not separable from the background variation, which is substantial. A constant global temperature is very atypical. The climate is always changing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Yuri wrote:</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Climate change is the normal state of the earth. It was cooling and warming.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">This is correct. Not that it is very exciting news. We have been experiencing 60 year-long cycles of temperature change for quite some time, with a long term gentle rise. The unusual things about the last 30 years (which should have been ‘up’) is that it only went up for 20 years. It should have been 30. This change from up is called ‘the pause’. It is widely acknowledged. There are more than 50 official explanations for it, all involving some sort of ‘investment of heat’ in the Earth system, somehow. In fact there is no proof of any accumulating heat – just claims that it must be in there somewhere and model outputs based on that assumption.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">JG><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Folks, it is not about warming and cooling. It is about disruption of patterns we have taken for granted for a very long time.<span style="font-size: 12pt; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>So the question is really about the new patterns that are, or will, emerge. And of course it would be useful to know what is driving the disruption, just in case we might want to limit it.<span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Well, what exactly is the ‘pattern’ that is being disrupted? There is no reason to expect that the weather is anything other than what is has always been – variable with big storms now and then. Why has the warming by models been so spectacularly<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/09/05/statistical-proof-of-the-pause-overestimated-global-warming-over-the-past-20-years/#more-93133" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">wrong</a>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">The move away from ‘global warming’ happened after it was embarrassingly clear (by 2005) that the temperatures were not going up. First there was ‘climate change’ which everyone knew meant ‘global warming’. Then ‘climate disruption’ implying that mankind was ‘disrupting the weather’ again by implication, caused by ‘global warming’ that insiders knew was not really there. Then came ‘climate weirding’ which had a very short shelf life. The implication again was that ‘we are doing something bad to the climate’ and all storms are ‘our fault’. This is reminiscent of the German ‘weather witch’ trials of the 1620’s. Seriously. They executed more than 2000 ‘witches’ for causing the disruptive and unusual weather than plagued Europe in the 1600’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Everyone should read this.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/reprint/a_chronological_listing_of_early_weather_events.html" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/reprint/a_chronological_listing_of_early_weather_events.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Have a look at what has been recorded in history without ‘industrial CO2’. There is<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>nothing</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>happening at the moment that even comes close to the extreme natural weather events we have already survived.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">“The winter of 401 [AD] was very cold in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">Asia Minor</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">. The<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">Black Sea<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">froze over and there was sea ice near Constantinople.” “In the year 401, the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">Black Sea<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">was frozen over for twenty days, and men crossed from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">Asia Minor<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">to the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">Crimea</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">“During the autumn of 585 A.D. and the winter of 585-586 A.D. [in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">France</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">], the weather produced extreme sweetness. The trees bloomed again in September and again before Christmas and bore fruit.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT, sans-serif; ">Winter of 760 / 761 A.D.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">In the year 761 according to the Helgoländer Chronik (of Helgoland and Norddeutschland in northern<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">Germany</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">], the winter was very severe. It began in October when the open sea and large lakes were clogged with ice for many miles. More than 20 Ellen<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[46 feet, 14 meters] of snow fell</span>. In the following February, the ice broke with the most incredible bang, that could be conceived on heaven or earth. Some of the icebergs were as tall as trees. They were 31 Ellen [71 feet, 22 meters]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">thick.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">“In 825 there was a fall of huge hail [in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">France</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">]. A piece of ice fell that was 15 feet long by 6 feet wide.” “…lightning set fire to a multitude of buildings and killed many people and huge hail ravaged the countryside in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">France</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">. In addition, all historians assure, that we dare not believe without the unanimity of their testimony, that by the summer solstice [around 20 or 21 June] in Autun in the region of Burgundy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT, sans-serif; ">France</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; ">, was seen falling from the sky, following a sudden storm and amidst a terrible hailstorm, real ice blocks (we are sure of these measures) of 4.6 meters (15 feet) long by 1.8 meters (6 feet) wide and 0.6 meters (2 feet) thick.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Can you imagine the hue and cry about ‘climate change’ that would emerge on TV if blocks of ice 15 x 6 x 2 feet (6.4 tons) started falling from the sky in Europe?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Be sure that nothing,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>nothing</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>happening today is in the slightest way unusual, unprecedented, ‘worst evah’ or any other superlative. Even sea level isn’t nearly as high as it used to be many years ago. Selling the alarm entirely depends on people’s ignorance of climate history – something called ‘<a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/11/16/new-term-grubering-and-how-it-applies-to-climate-alarmism/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">Grubering’</a>. “Grubering is when politicians or their segregates engage in a campaign of exaggeration and outright lies in order to “sell” the public on a particular<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/11/13/why-and-how-the-ipcc-demonized-co2-with-manufactured-information/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">policy</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>initiative.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">So the idea that the climate has 1.5 degrees of ‘baked in’ warming, is the output of a climate model with 1.5 degrees baked into the computer code.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Quelle surprise.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">“<a href="http://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/11/16/new-term-grubering-and-how-it-applies-to-climate-alarmism/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; ">The</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Climategate emails are full of discussions about how to “sell” the public on CAGW through a campaign of lies and exaggerations. There are many discussion about how the public could not possibly understand such a complex subject.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Unless they bothered to read enough to understand the complex subject. Imagine that.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; ">“</span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Each of us has to decide what the right balance is between being effective and being honest.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">–<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Steven Schneider</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; "><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Yeah, well, I have made my decision about that.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Yuri: “</span>All emissions can add 0.01% of CO2 per year to what exists in nature.”<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; ">Ron: “Correct ratio - but not helpful, useful, or important in climate terms… The organization <a href="http://350.org" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline; "><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; ">350.org</span></a> is suggesting that we need to remove 50 ppm from the atmosphere ... But this would then give 2/50 = .04 or 4% worse very year.”<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">So Yuri being correct is not useful or helpful? Useful to whom? Useful for being ‘honest’ or being ‘effective’? You have turned his correct calculation of 0.01% into 4%. Why? Your number is a 40,000% error!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); ">лучше быть и останец чем простой лжец</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); "><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0mm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Peace…<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; ">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; "><span style="color: black; "><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div></div></span></div><br></div></div></body></html>