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<DIV>It might be a case of perspective but from the sand pile in the
Pacific.</DIV>
<DIV>With the only TLUD stove in the country I am not too concerned about the
amount</DIV>
<DIV>of Hg I release into the atmosphere. However I suspect the amount of
coal being burned</DIV>
<DIV>in Asia maybe releasing slightly more than I produce. Other
references suspect the upswing</DIV>
<DIV>in Hg maybe an effect of atmospheric Hg getting “rained” into the ocean.
</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Michael</DIV>
<DIV>Marshall Islands</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>u source suspect
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'><B>From:</B>
<A title=psanders@ilstu.edu href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">Paul Anderson</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt tahoma">
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Wednesday, February 11, 2015 9:17 AM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Discussion of biomass cooking
stoves</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> [Stoves] Mercury in leafy biomass ... Was Re: Fly ash
cement and of levels of radioactivity?</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV class=moz-cite-prefix>Crispin,<BR><BR>Under the old subject line about fly
ash and radioactivity, perhaps people missed your message (which is intact
below) about mercury in leafy biomass.<BR><BR>I inquire about the reasoning and
the results related to your message. I am supporting NONE of the
statements, nor denying any of them. Just trying to see the
reasoning.<BR><BR>1. Mercury (Hg) is more concentrated in leafy biomass
than in woody biomass. (Unstated about whether the Hg gets to the
leaves from the air or from the soil.)<BR><BR>2. Leafy biomass into
briquettes is more likely to be burned in TLUD stoves than in other
stoves.<BR><BR>3. Letting the leaves decay on the ground lets the Hg go
into the ground.<BR><BR>4. Burning the leafy biomass releases the Hg (95%)
into the atmosphere.<BR><BR>5. Is there a statement that Hg in the
atmosphere is worse than Hg into the soil (and ground water)? I leaf
that to the experts to discuss. (pun intended)<BR><BR>6.
Because TLUDs make char (and char does not hold back the Hg), therefore TLUDs
release more Hg into the atmosphere PER UNIT OF AVAILABLE ENERGY than do stoves
that do not make charcoal.<BR><BR>7. And is the above situation being
declared to be important enough to be a negative aspect of TLUD
stoves?<BR><BR>Maybe I missed something. <BR><BR>It is interesting
that the topic of Mercury related to stoves has created so much interest for
Listserv discussion, but has not been a topic at stoves meetings.
Granted that Hg is bad. But in the grand scheme of things, are there
any proposals that should be considered for implementation about Hg and biomass
and stoves?<BR><BR>Paul<BR><PRE class=moz-signature cols="72">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <A class=moz-txt-link-abbreviated href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</A>
Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <A class=moz-txt-link-abbreviated href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</A></PRE>On
2/10/2015 2:45 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott wrote:<BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE cite=mid:COL401-EAS3461EFB4977C2541B479FE0B1240@phx.gbl
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>Dear
Biomass burners<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>There
is a good article from sensible researchers here<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><A
href="http://www.mindfully.org/Air/Mercury-Smoke-Biomass.htm"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://www.mindfully.org/Air/Mercury-Smoke-Biomass.htm</A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>Now
consider this and see how it affects your understanding of mercury in the
environment (it is literally everywhere so pay
attention).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>Mercury
is released disproportionally from biomass relative to the mass percent
burned. In other words, operating a TLUD gasifier releases the mercury in
largely gaseous form (95%) and the rest in particulate form. It is easily
evaporated going from Hg<SUP>+2</SUP> to Hg<SUP>o</SUP>.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>So
should we worry about TLUD’s releasing, proportionally, about double the
amount of Hg per useful MegaJoule of heat?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>Hg
is concentrated in the leaves, especially deciduous tree leaves. There are
being processed into briquettes on an increasing scale. Basically all the Hg
is released when they are burned even if there is char powder in the ash at
the end. Should we worry Richard and his alternative fuels
promotion?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>The
most ‘toxic, mercury laden’ smoke in the stove community would come from a
TLUD burning leaves from a deciduous tree while making biochar: full release,
maximum concentration, least dilution during combustion.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>Is
everyone automatically alarmed? But TLUD’s and gasification and biochar and
burning non-woody biomass are four of the darlings of the improved stove
community. What now?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>The
answer is obviously to calculate what the emission rates are and the exposure
level and the effect of such exposure before jumping to any conclusions about
wood or leaves or coal or anything else. Data matters. Coal is just old
wood. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>Burn
hot, maintain a cool head.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'>Crispin<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d; mso-fareast-language: en-us'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-TOP: #e1e1e1 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif'>++++++</SPAN></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p></o:p> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'>One sandwich a
week?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'>Who told you
that?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'>Good grief. There is
lots of mercury in the environment including in sea air, and there are
completely unknown biological pathways metabolising it as was shown by the
atmospheric research station at Cape Point. The general idea is that mercury
is well "mixed in the atmosphere". Not so. Sometimes it drops to zero in the
air blowing from Antarctica for hours at a time. There is no known process
that can do this. Most atmospheric mercury is from the sea.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'>I am amazed that
these coal memes survive for so long. There is a really good lab at Clarkson
Univ in Potsdam NY that researches Hg in fish in the Great Lakes.
Fantastically small quantities can be detected. One sandwich a week?
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'>Argh<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: white"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'>Crispin
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; COLOR: #1f497d'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal>Frans and Crispin,<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>Thanks for putting dimensions on the issue. I know that
coal ash is the bad actor. <o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>I'm still perturbed that I can only eat one tuna fish
sandwich a week because of the Mercury from coal.
<o:p></o:p></P></DIV></DIV></DIV><BR>
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