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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=NL-BE link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Frank and All,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> A Hg specific ion electrode exist as the easy way to measure Hg in waters .<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Or dissolved in HNO3 first .<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>With ICP we select our salmon supplier ! Not dramatic .<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Mind your leather shoes and gloves could be more dangerous! Cr 6 and Hg in leather hats . <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Frans<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=NL style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext'>Van:</span></b><span lang=NL style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>Namens </b>mtrevor@mail.mh<br><b>Verzonden:</b> dinsdag 10 februari 2015 23:06<br><b>Aan:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br><b>Onderwerp:</b> Re: [Stoves] Mercury in leafy biomass ... cont<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>It might be a case of perspective but from the sand pile in the Pacific.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>With the only TLUD stove in the country I am not too concerned about the amount<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>of Hg I release into the atmosphere. However I suspect the amount of coal being burned<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>in Asia maybe releasing slightly more than I produce. Other references suspect the upswing<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>in Hg maybe an effect of atmospheric Hg getting “rained” into the ocean. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Michael<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Marshall Islands<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>u source suspect <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" title="psanders@ilstu.edu">Paul Anderson</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>Sent:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Wednesday, February 11, 2015 9:17 AM<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>To:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> <a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" title="stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Discussion of biomass cooking stoves</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>Subject:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> [Stoves] Mercury in leafy biomass ... Was Re: Fly ash cement and of levels of radioactivity?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>Crispin,<br><br>Under the old subject line about fly ash and radioactivity, perhaps people missed your message (which is intact below) about mercury in leafy biomass.<br><br>I inquire about the reasoning and the results related to your message. I am supporting NONE of the statements, nor denying any of them. Just trying to see the reasoning.<br><br>1. Mercury (Hg) is more concentrated in leafy biomass than in woody biomass. (Unstated about whether the Hg gets to the leaves from the air or from the soil.)<br><br>2. Leafy biomass into briquettes is more likely to be burned in TLUD stoves than in other stoves.<br><br>3. Letting the leaves decay on the ground lets the Hg go into the ground.<br><br>4. Burning the leafy biomass releases the Hg (95%) into the atmosphere.<br><br>5. Is there a statement that Hg in the atmosphere is worse than Hg into the soil (and ground water)? I leaf that to the experts to discuss. (pun intended)<br><br>6. Because TLUDs make char (and char does not hold back the Hg), therefore TLUDs release more Hg into the atmosphere PER UNIT OF AVAILABLE ENERGY than do stoves that do not make charcoal.<br><br>7. And is the above situation being declared to be important enough to be a negative aspect of TLUD stoves?<br><br>Maybe I missed something. <br><br>It is interesting that the topic of Mercury related to stoves has created so much interest for Listserv discussion, but has not been a topic at stoves meetings. Granted that Hg is bad. But in the grand scheme of things, are there any proposals that should be considered for implementation about Hg and biomass and stoves?<br><br>Paul<br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><pre>Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>On 2/10/2015 2:45 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear Biomass burners</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>There is a good article from sensible researchers here</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><a href="http://www.mindfully.org/Air/Mercury-Smoke-Biomass.htm">http://www.mindfully.org/Air/Mercury-Smoke-Biomass.htm</a></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Now consider this and see how it affects your understanding of mercury in the environment (it is literally everywhere so pay attention).</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Mercury is released disproportionally from biomass relative to the mass percent burned. In other words, operating a TLUD gasifier releases the mercury in largely gaseous form (95%) and the rest in particulate form. It is easily evaporated going from Hg<sup>+2</sup> to Hg<sup>o</sup>. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>So should we worry about TLUD’s releasing, proportionally, about double the amount of Hg per useful MegaJoule of heat?</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Hg is concentrated in the leaves, especially deciduous tree leaves. There are being processed into briquettes on an increasing scale. Basically all the Hg is released when they are burned even if there is char powder in the ash at the end. Should we worry Richard and his alternative fuels promotion?</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>The most ‘toxic, mercury laden’ smoke in the stove community would come from a TLUD burning leaves from a deciduous tree while making biochar: full release, maximum concentration, least dilution during combustion.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Is everyone automatically alarmed? But TLUD’s and gasification and biochar and burning non-woody biomass are four of the darlings of the improved stove community. What now?</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>The answer is obviously to calculate what the emission rates are and the exposure level and the effect of such exposure before jumping to any conclusions about wood or leaves or coal or anything else. Data matters. Coal is just old wood. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Burn hot, maintain a cool head.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Crispin</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>++++++</span></b><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>One sandwich a week?</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Who told you that?</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Good grief. There is lots of mercury in the environment including in sea air, and there are completely unknown biological pathways metabolising it as was shown by the atmospheric research station at Cape Point. The general idea is that mercury is well "mixed in the atmosphere". Not so. Sometimes it drops to zero in the air blowing from Antarctica for hours at a time. There is no known process that can do this. Most atmospheric mercury is from the sea. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I am amazed that these coal memes survive for so long. There is a really good lab at Clarkson Univ in Potsdam NY that researches Hg in fish in the Great Lakes. Fantastically small quantities can be detected. One sandwich a week? </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Argh</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Frans and Crispin,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Thanks for putting dimensions on the issue. I know that coal ash is the bad actor. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I'm still perturbed that I can only eat one tuna fish sandwich a week because of the Mercury from coal. <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Stoves mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></span></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></body></html>