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    Alex,<br>
    <br>
    True that could happen with too much primary air but is that what we
    want to happen?  We want heat to 'crack?' the complex structures to
    smaller more easily oxidized ones but we do not want them to go all
    the way to CO2 and water releasing its heat before it reaches the
    frying pan. So the goal as I understand it is to use the heat from
    the solid-C > CO and only as much heat from the CO > CO2 to be
    able to crack the hydrocarbons into  easily oxidizable structures
    and the rest of the CO aiding the secondary. <br>
    <br>
    I think added oxygen from primaryy will first change the easily CO
    > CO2 and only after this has been completed will the cracked
    hydrocarbons be oxidized. But its only a guess until its tested. <br>
    <br>
    Regards<br>
    <br>
    Frank<br>
    <br>
    Frank Shields<br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:franke@cruzio.com">franke@cruzio.com</a><br>
    <br>
    <br>
     <br>
    <br>
    On 9/20/2015 2:35 PM, alex english wrote:
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CA+6hwOqtzJ-NfgLu=UYLqwyMsMTnix0x+JjVeP6uvAe-t__zuw@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">Frank,
        <div>Some of the volatile hydrocarbons are burning in the
          primary too.</div>
        <div>Alex</div>
      </div>
      <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
        <div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Sep 20, 2015 at 3:16 PM, Frank
          Shields <span dir="ltr"><<a moz-do-not-send="true"
              href="mailto:franke@cruzio.com" target="_blank">franke@cruzio.com</a>></span>
          wrote:<br>
          <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
            .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
            <div style="word-wrap:break-word">Alex, Stovers,
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>Definitely more complex than I imagined. Sneakage - I
                never would have guessed. Hard to correct for that one. </div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>There are three sources of heat: 1) large volatile
                organics 2) Solid-C > CO and 3) CO > CO2. </div>
              <div> </div>
              <div>1) The first one is only for the secondary</div>
              <div>2) Second only for the combustion chamber</div>
              <div>3) Third can be for the combustion chamber or the
                secondary</div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>So ignoring sneakage (Ha) it is only (3) that we have
                any control over. We add more primary air to add heat to
                the combustion chamber or less air to send it up to add
                heat to the secondary. </div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>We can measure the heat energy from all three using
                the pipe. And I think it might be these three values
                that we can use to categorize different biomass fuels
                (perhaps coals?). It could be that simple. </div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>Then to find the right architecture for a combustion
                chamber that reduces sneakage and cleanly burns.</div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>Regards</div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>Frank </div>
              <span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
                  <div><br>
                  </div>
                  <div><br>
                  </div>
                </font></span>
              <div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br>
                    <div>
                      <div
style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word">
                        <div>Frank Shields</div>
                        <div><a moz-do-not-send="true"
                            href="mailto:franke@cruzio.com"
                            target="_blank">franke@cruzio.com</a></div>
                        <div><br>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                      <br>
                      <br>
                    </div>
                  </font></span>
                <div>
                  <div class="h5">
                    <br>
                    <div>
                      <blockquote type="cite">
                        <div>On Sep 20, 2015, at 11:41 AM, alex english
                          <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                            href="mailto:aenglish444@gmail.com"
                            target="_blank">aenglish444@gmail.com</a>>
                          wrote:</div>
                        <br>
                        <div>
                          <div dir="ltr">Frank, 
                            <div>I have measured between the primary and
                              secondary zones of a TLUD. CO and CO2 were
                              in the 8% to 11% range on a dry volume
                              basis. Oxygen would be near zero. At the
                              same time the stack concentration can be;
                              CO  near zero, CO2 ~ 12%, Oxygen ~8%.</div>
                            <div><br>
                            </div>
                            <div>It is difficult to predict what would
                              happen with CO injected at different
                              levels. A secondary burner may be
                              operating near the edge of its operational
                              'sweet spot' and any change will result in
                              an increase in stack CO. It could also be
                              that it is operating with to much excess
                              air,( excess excess air if you will), and
                              the added CO would be quickly oxidized,
                              reducing excess air  and increasing the
                              hot mix temperature, resulting in lower
                              stack CO. In this scenario adding CO helps
                              to better burn the CO that is already
                              present.</div>
                            <div><br>
                            </div>
                            <div>Alex</div>
                            <div><br>
                            </div>
                            <div><br>
                            </div>
                            <div><br>
                            </div>
                            <div><br>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                          <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                            <div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Sep 20,
                              2015 at 1:22 PM, Frank Shields <span
                                dir="ltr"><<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                                  href="mailto:franke@cruzio.com"
                                  target="_blank">franke@cruzio.com</a>></span>
                              wrote:<br>
                              <blockquote class="gmail_quote"
                                style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px
                                #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
                                <div style="word-wrap:break-word">
                                  <div>Greetings Stovers,</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>The question I have is does the
                                    CO measured in the stack after the
                                    secondary combustion come from
                                    Primary Combustion (PC) or Secondary
                                    Combustion (SC)? </div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>As I understand how it works{</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>We know the primary combustion
                                    will produce large organic pyrolysis
                                    gases until the internal oxygen and
                                    hydrogen is consumed then will
                                    switch to releasing heat with added
                                    outside oxygen as the solid goes to
                                    CO and CO to CO2.</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>So is the CO found in the stack
                                    from CO produced in the PC making
                                    its way through the SC or from
                                    incomplete combustion of large
                                    organic structures not properly
                                    prepared for the SC? </div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>If we were to set up a stove
                                    operating and measure the CO in the
                                    stack, then introduce CO along with
                                    the primary air from a compressed CO
                                    tank - would we see an increase in
                                    CO in the stack? or is it easily and
                                    completely combusted in the
                                    secondary? If not seeing any and we
                                    kept increasing the CO being
                                    delivered how high can we go before
                                    seeing ‘break through’? And then if
                                    we increased primary air will the CO
                                    delivered combust in the combustion
                                    chamber increase CO2 in the stack
                                    and increase combustion chamber
                                    temperature?</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>Im thinking the CO produced in
                                    the PC is very important in
                                    controlling combustion chamber
                                    temperatures that prepare the
                                    complex pyrolysis gases for the SC. </div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>Im sure this simple experiment
                                    must have been done somewhere and
                                    wondering what the results are. </div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>Regards</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>Frank</div>
                                  <span><font color="#888888">
                                      <div><br>
                                      </div>
                                      <div><br>
                                      </div>
                                      <div><br>
                                      </div>
                                      <div><br>
                                      </div>
                                      <br>
                                      <div>
                                        <div
style="letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;word-wrap:break-word">
                                          <div>Frank Shields</div>
                                          <div><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:franke@cruzio.com" target="_blank">franke@cruzio.com</a></div>
                                          <div><br>
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <br>
                                        <br>
                                      </div>
                                      <br>
                                    </font></span></div>
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